One Bishop, Alexius of Melfi, voted against this Bull, with the proviso _placet de novis operibus, non autem de antiquis_.[45] This Bull of Leo X served as a model for a long series of future similar ecclesiastical orders. The fatherly care for the true faith and for the preservation of the morality of Christendom are, in the wording of this papal utterance, placed in the background, while the main contention is devoted to the assertion of the authority of the pope and of the special responsibility of the pope, as the immediate representative of God, for the maintenance of censorship throughout the world. The single German prince who was willing to confirm this Bull was the Elector Albert of Saxony. The enforcement of the regulations of the papal Bulls proved to be difficult and usually impracticable unless the aid could be secured of the machinery of the civil administration. In the year 1513, began a series of attacks against Johannes Reuchlin, attacks which continued for seven years. Reuchlin’s treatise _Der Augenspiegel_, which had been printed in 1511, was, in 1513, condemned as heretical by the Universities of Louvain, Cologne, Mayence, and Erfurt. In the year following, the theological faculty of the University of Paris declared the book to be tainted with heresy. It was ordered that existing copies (presumably those available in France) were to be burned and that the author was to be called upon to recant. In 1513, at the instance of Jacob Hoogstraten, the Inquisition initiated a “process” against Reuchlin. The decision was adverse to Reuchlin, who appealed to the Pope (Leo X). Leo referred the matter to the Bishop of Speyer, who gave judgment in favour of Reuchlin, declaring that the book was deserving of being read by every one. There followed a series of appeals and of conflicting decisions. In June, 1520, however, Cardinals Accolti and Giacobazzi, whom the Pope had appointed judges, decided that the judgment of the bishop must be revoked, that the book was to be condemned and destroyed, and that Reuchlin was to be ordered to keep silence. While the _Augenspiegel_ was still the text of the proceedings, the contest had now widened its range, and turned upon the whole relations of Reuchlin’s work as a scholar and an instructor, and particularly upon his advocacy of the study of Hebrew. (In the _Augenspiegel_ itself, the wisdom of preserving instead of destroying the _Talmud_ is maintained.) Leo X spoke with approval of Reuchlin’s writings and forbade their condemnation. In the Vatican Index the name of Reuchlin stands in Class I, all of his works being thus placed under condemnation. In the Index of Paul, are entered the _Augenspiegel_, _De Verbo Mirifico_, and _Ars Cabbalistica_, and these titles are repeated in the succeeding Indexes (excepting those of Louvain, 1546, 1550, 1558). In the Index of Benedict XIV (1758), the title of the _Augenspiegel_ is, curiously enough, recorded only in French. The compilers of the Indexes were