The chaplain of Philip II declared it as his opinion that the purification of Spain from heretics was due to the deaths brought about under the regulations of the Index, and the prosecution of heretics by the Inquisition. Cardinal Pallavicino, in his eulogy on Paul IV, lays special emphasis on the Pope’s zealous attachment to the Inquisition, and claims that the preservation of Italy from the infection of invading heresies was due to the activity of the holy tribunal, and particularly to its work in supervising the Index.[104] Paramo asserts that the Holy Office of the Inquisition originated in Paradise and that its record can be traced through the succeeding ages of Jewish and of Christian history. =2. Trials under the Inquisition in the 17th Century.=--The most noteworthy of the trials directed by the Inquisition during the first half of the 17th century is that of Galileo. In connection with a denunciation that had been submitted to the authorities concerning the teachings of Galileo, the Inquisition secured from its theological counsellors an examination of and a formal opinion concerning two propositions which presented the Copernican theory. One of these was declared to be heretical, while the other was characterised as simply erroneous. As a result of this report, given in March, 1616, the Congregation of the Index condemned, with a _d. c._, the treatise by Copernicus, _De revolutionibus orbium coelestium_, and also the “Commentary on Job” by Didacus of Stunica. The latter had been issued in Italy in 1584, and reprinted in Rome in 1592. The same list included the prohibition of a volume by Foscarini entitled _Lettera sopra l’opiniones de’ Pittagorici e del Copernico_, printed in Naples in 1615. A general prohibition was added of all writings which presented similar teachings. This condemnation of the Copernican theories was, under the instruction of the pope, communicated by Cardinal Bellarmin to Galileo, who was at that time in Rome, and, according to the record, the astronomer promised to correct his errors. In 1632, however, he published a monograph entitled _Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Tolemaicho e Copernicano_, in which was made substantially evident the acceptance by Galileo of the Copernican system. This publication caused the Inquisition to institute proceedings against Galileo and, in June, 1633, he was ordered to abjure as error and as heresy the Copernican doctrine. The _Dialogo_ was in August, 1634, formally condemned and prohibited. Back of these proceedings, in 1620, the Index Congregation had published a _Monitum_ in which were specified the eliminations and corrections that had to be made in the writings of Copernicus before any further printing of these writings could be permitted. The changes ordered in the text caused the theories of Copernicus to be presented not as a conclusion but as an hypothesis. In 1619, the Congregation prohibited the _Epitome astronomiae Copernicae_ of John Kepler.