The long-bowled pipes continued in use to the middle of last century, and representations of them may be found on engravings of the period, thus showing that they gradually merged from the bulbous into the elongated form of the time of William III., and so passed on to the wide-mouthed shape of the present day. The heel or spur also changed from the flat form--made to rest the pipe upon during or after use--to the long pointed one now so common, and which took its rise probably from the Dutch. It must be remembered, however, that the Dutch were originally indebted to England for the introduction of pipe-making into that country. Usually the old pipes were perfectly plain, with the general exception of a milled border, impressed by hand, not in the mould, running round the mouth. It is also worthy of remark, that the bowls of many of the older pipes are _scraped_ into form after having been moulded. Sometimes ornamented examples are met with, but they are of extremely rare occurrence. Mr. Croker had one which he considered to have been of foreign make, but which I think there is little doubt is of English manufacture: and the one in my own possession (Fig. 646) presents some very interesting features; in form it closely resembles one of the examples of James I. and Charles I., and I have no doubt, from the form of the letters, that I am right in appropriating it to that period. It is not very easy to localise pipes, for but little is known of places where they were made, and the manufacture was of course of so small an extent that it is difficult to trace it. In November, 1601, _Mr. Secretary Cecil_ alludes, in a speech, to a then existing patent of monopoly enjoyed by tobacco-pipe makers; and in 1619 the craft of pipemakers were incorporated, their privileges, according to Stowe, extending through the cities of London and Westminster, the kingdom of England, and dominion of Wales. They were governed by a master, four wardens, and about twenty-four assistants. These privileges were confirmed by subsequent monarchs. At Derby several generations of pipemakers have uninterruptedly carried on business, and it was in one of these ovens that the first pieces of Derby china were fired. The pipes made at Winchester were, in Ben Jonson’s time, great favourites; they were said to be the best then made, and far superior to those of Vauxhall and other places. In the neighbourhood of Bath, pipes were apparently made in the beginning of the seventeenth century, the makers’ names being Thomas Hunt, Henry Putley, Rich. Greenland, Rich. Tyler, and Jeffry Hunt; and some of the examples bear a shield with a branch of the tobacco-plant. At Lichfield they were made to a large extent, as also at Newcastle-under-Lyme, and indeed they were produced in most parts of the country.