86. Q. What further order was made in regard to their worship by Theophilus who became emperor in 829? A. He forbade the word “holy” to be inscribed on the images, and also that they should be honored by prayers, kissing, or lighted tapers. 87. Q. After the death of Theophilus what action did the empress Theodora, into whose hands the positive power of the government passed, take in regard to the images? A. She herself worshiped images. The pictures were again hung in the churches, and the monastic order more than ever became potent both in society and government. 88. Q. During the reign of Alexius what storm suddenly burst from the west? A. The so-called First Crusade. 89. Q. Who was the Pope at this time? A. Urban II. 90. Q. By whom were the crusades first incited? A. Peter the Hermit. 91. Q. When did Jerusalem fall into the hands of the crusaders? A. July 15, 1099. 92. Q. Who were the leaders of the second crusade? A. Conrad III., king of Germany, and Louis VII., king of France. 93. Q. What was the ostensible intention of the crusaders? A. To free Eastern Christianity from the oppression of the Turks. 94. Q. What does our author say was their ultimate object? A. The capture of Constantinople and the abolition of the Byzantine empire. 95. Q. What was the result of the second crusade? A. It was wholly inglorious, being relieved by no heroic deeds whatever. 96. Q. What took place in Syria during 1187? A. The Christian authority was overthrown in Syria, and Jerusalem was captured by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt. 97. Q. What occurred to Constantinople during the fourth crusade, in the year 1204? A. After a siege of five months it fell into the hands of the crusaders. 98. Q. When and by whom was Constantinople recovered? A. In 1261, under the leadership of Michael Palœologus. 99. Q. When was Constantinople again attacked by the Turks? A. In 1453, under the famous Mohammed II. 100. Q. What was the result of the final decisive engagement? A. The city fell before overwhelming numbers, and passed under Turkish rule. OUTLINE OF C. L. S. C. STUDIES. NOVEMBER, 1883. The C. L. S. C. readings for November include parts 10 and 11 of Timayenis’s “History of Greece,” for students having read the first volume; or from page 93 to the end of “Brief History of Greece,” for students of Class of ’87. Chautauqua Text-Book, No. 5, “Greek History.” Readings in THE CHAUTAUQUAN. _First week_ (ending November 8)—1. “History of Greece,” from page 258 to “Arius,” page 293; or, “Brief History of Greece,” from page 93 to “The Battle of Salamis,” page 118. 2. Readings in German History and Literature in THE CHAUTAUQUAN. 3. Sunday Readings in THE CHAUTAUQUAN, for November 4. _Second Week_ (ending November 15)—1. “History of Greece,” from “Arius,” page 293, to chapter viii, page 328; or, “Brief History of Greece,” from “The Battle of Salamis,” page 118, to “Life of Socrates,” page 143.