By analyzing compound and compounding simple substances, discovers their elementary properties, the forces that are resident in matter, and the laws that govern them. It demonstrates by experiments the affinity of ultimate particles, and of gases of unlike kinds for each other, an affinity which produces homogeneous compounds, often very unlike the elements that unite in forming them. The chemist has much to do with physical objects, but in handling them his appropriate business is to consider the changes produced by chemical attraction in all bodies, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. GEOGRAPHY Is an ancient science, suitable for schools of all grades, and not for primary and intermediate departments alone. The child can treasure many of the facts that, if held in the memory, will be of use to him as he advances in years and knowledge, but his geography will benefit him little unless it is studied when his faculties are more mature. One who despises this study as beneath him, knows nothing yet of the important science as he ought. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Has many things in common with both astronomy and geology, as it discusses the physical condition of the earth and its relations as a member of the solar system; describes its great natural divisions of land and water; and takes account of dynamic forces, such as aerial and oceanic currents, that are constantly causing important changes. The whole exterior structure of the earth, the phenomena of rain and dew, fog, frost, and snow, are geographical questions, to be discussed with special reference to the general laws or principles involved. It shows unity in the midst of diversity, and constancy of phenomena in the midst of apparent changes. MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY Treats of the form and size of the earth, of the construction of globes to represent it; determines the latitude and longitude of places on its surface, and all geographical problems pertaining to numbers, distances, and magnitudes. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY