_Emperors_, joint reign of several, 75; pre-eminence of those in the East, ib.; rival claims of in East and West, 107, 108; contrast of in East and West, 120, 121; origin of their power, 212-214. _Empire_, vague uses of the word, 155. _Empire_, Eastern, _see_ Eastern Empire. _Empire_, Roman, _see_ Roman Empire. _Empire_, Western, _see_ Western Empire. _Empires_, various Greek, in the fourteenth century, 143, 144. _England_, its steps towards union, 188. _Epeiros_, its relations to Greece, 13, 14; 25; plans of her kings in the West, 34; suggested by the Macedonian conquests, ib.; Empire of, 143. Erbkaiser von Oesterreich, title of, 151. _Euboia_, account of by Diôn Chrysostom, 231. _Europe_, three marked periods in its history, 4; its geographical character, 6; its analogies in the earliest and latest times, 176. F. _Federal States_, examples of in the third century B.C., 36. _Federations_, their long survivals in Greece, 225. _Fifth Century A.D._, its character and relation to earlier times, 79; compared with the third century B.C., 81; sketch of its history, 122-124. _Fifth Century B.C._, a time of Greek decline, 21; its effect on the Teutonic nations, 85-95. _Finlay_, George, his view of the fifth century B.C., 21. _France_, formation of, 91, 92; its growth, 190-192; position of cities in, 191. _France_, Duchy of, its dismemberment, 190. Francia, name of, 89; divisions of, 91. _Frankfurt_, its commonwealth suppressed, 202. _Franks_, their appearance in Gaul, 78; translation of the Empire to, 112; their advance in Gaul, 123; union of their kingdoms, 189; fourfold division of, 196. _Frederick the Second_, Emperor, his crusade, 163; effects of his treatment by the Popes, ib. _Frederick the Third_, Emperor, 138; 147. _Free Cities_, hindrances to national growth, 193. _French Empire_, 149-151. _French language_, its formation, 190. _French nation_, its origin, 91, 92; its formation, 190-192. G. _Gascons_, _see_ Basques. _Gaul_, Cisalpine, Roman conquest of, 49; its Roman life, 61, 62; Teutonic settlements in, 87; how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 90, 91; Southern, Romance growth in, 91; its disunion, 189; national elements in, 195-197. _Gauls_, their relation to Rome, 86; their adoption of the Roman name, 87. _Gela_, its time of greatness, 25. _George Maniakês_, his recovery of Syracuse, 135. _German_, use of the name, 113. _German Empire_, 153. _Germans_, their invasions, 77; their relation to the Empire, ib. _Germany_, its connexion with the Western Empire, 147; its disunion, 189; less divided than Italy, 193; position of cities in, 200-205. _Ghibelline theory_, carried out in the East, 159. _Gibbon_, Edward, extent of his history, 75. Gothia, name of, 88.