_Italy_, relations of its nations to the Greek cities, 31; help for its cities sought in Greece, 32-34; how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 90, 91; its position under Theodoric, 97, 98; reconquered by the Empire, 98; divided between the Empire and the Lombards, ib.; southern part remains Greek, ib.; developement of cities in, 186; its disunion, 189; 193; position of cities in, 191; its reunion, 193-195; its drawbacks, 194. J. _Janissaries_, 167. _Jerusalem_, recovered by Frederick the Second, 163. _Jews_, revival of their power under the Maccabees, 66; their mission in the world, ib. _John Sobieski_, Vienna delivered by, 171. _Joseph the Second_, Emperor, 152. _Justinian_, closes the University of Athens, 85; his historic position, 126-128. K. _Kingship_, various forms of in the Polybian age, 36. _Korkyra_, its position in Homeric times, 20; becomes Greek, 24. _Kyrênê_, colonization of, 24. L. _Latin language_, its history in the Eastern Empire, 114-117. Λατῖνοι, opposed to Ῥωμαῖοι, 141. _Lectures_, scheme of, 204-206; given in America, 205. _Leo the Isaurian_, beats back the Saracens, 134. _Leopold the First_, Emperor, compared with Constantine Palaiologos, 171. _Lesbos_, mention of in Homer, 19. _Lewis the Second_, Emperor, his controversy with Basil the Macedonian, 108; his position in Italy, 130, 131. _Lignitz_, defeat of the Mongols at, 161. _Lübeck_, its coinage, 202. _Lykia_, League of, 37; its history and constitution, 222, 223. M. _Macedonia_, its relations to Greece, 14. _Macedonian Conquests_, effects of, 14, 15. _Macedonian Emperors_, their work, 132, 133. _Macedonian Wars_, character of the First, 51, 52. _Magyars_, effects of their settlement and conversion, 94. _Mahomet the Second_, his European position, 167. _Mahometan history_, its date, 11. _Mahometanism_, its special rivalry with Christianity, 133. _Marcus_, his reign, 76. _Maria Theresa_, 152. _Marius_, Gaius, his work, 60. _Massalia_, its time of greatness, 25; its two republican periods, 192. _Maximilian_, Imperator electus, 138; his tomb, 147. _Merwings_, end of, 158. _Milêtos_, mention of in Homer, 19. _Mogul Empire_, 150. _Mykênê_, Empire of, 18. N. _Nations_, answer to cities, 177, 178; 183; definition of, 192, 193. _Nikaia_, Sultans of, 135, 144, 145; Emperors of, 140; their recovery of Constantinople, 142; its position under Trajan, 234, 235. _Nikêphoros_, Emperor, acknowledges the claim of Charles the Great, 108. _Nikomêdeia_, its position under Trajan, 234, 235. _Normandy_, settlement of, 190. O. _Odowakar_, his position and history, 96. _Odysseus_, his relation to his overlord, 18. _Olbia_, Diôn Chrysostom’s account of, 231. _Olympiad_, First, a starting-point, 10, 11. _Otto the Great_, Emperor, 131.