_Otto the Third_, Emperor, 131. _Ottoman Turks_, their advance in Asia and Europe, 165-168. P. _Palaiologoi_, their Empire a survival of the old Empire, 142; their recovery of Peloponnêsos, ib. _Panormos_, Phœnician colony, 24. _Paris_, the centre of France, 191. _Parthia_, Greek influence on, 15; its relations to Rome, 62. _Patricians_, Teutonic, 105. _Peloponnêsos_, recovered by the Palaiologoi, 142. _Pergamon_, the model kingdom, 37; its relations to Rome, 56; dealings of Rome with, 218. _Persia_, its historic position, 27-29; its alliance with Carthage, 30; its new birth and rivalry with Rome, 63. _Persian Wars_, their nature, 21. _Philip_, how looked on at Megalopolis, 32. _Philip the Fifth_, his failure to help Hannibal, 51, 54. _Phœnicia_, its history and relation to Greece, 12; 20; extent of its colonization, 24; 26; its older and newer cities, 29. _Physical inventions_, their political effect, 183-185. _Pippin_, Patrician, 105; recovers Septimania from the Saracens, 134; his unction, 158. _Pliny_, his correspondence with Trajan, 225, 226; 233-239; his dealings with Apameia, 236; with Amisos, 237. _Plutarch_, his account of contemporary Greek commonwealths, 225-230; his political precepts, 227-230. _Poland_, Vienna delivered by, 171; share of the House of Austria in its partition, 172. _Polybios_, preserves the non-Athenian tradition of Philip, 32; character of his age, 35; his experience compared with that of Thucydides, 35, 36. _Pompeius Gnæus_, his work in the East, 61. _Pontius Telesinus_, 61. _Pontos_, Greek influence on, 15. _Popes_, a survival of the Empire, 155; origin and growth of their power, 156-158; their encroachments in the East, 165; 170; chosen from Italians only, 182; their relations to the Austrian Emperors, 183. _Pragmatic Sanction_, 152. _Pressburg_, Treaty of, 149. _Protected states_, their position, 224. _Provence_, its commonwealth, 192. _Provinces_, slow annexation of, 72, 73; position of different towns in, 215-216. _Prusa_, speech of Diôn Chrysostom at, 232. _Punic Wars_, an episode in European history, 49, 50. _Pyrrhos_, his Hellenic position, 14; 17; his designs, 34; effects of his war with Rome, 45. R. _Ragusa_, its commonwealth suppressed, 203. _Ravenna_, Emperors at, 157. Respublica, use of the word, 125. Rex Græciæ, Eastern Emperor so called, 108, 109. _Rhodes_, mention of in Homer, 19; democracy of, 36; dealings of Rome with, 218; speech of Diôn Chrysostom at, 231, 232. _Roger_, Count, his recovery of Sicily, 135. _Roman_, use of the name, 43. _Roman Church_, its boundaries, 181, 182.