GROWTH OF THE HUMANITARIAN MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT EUROPE—IN THE DARK AGES—CHURCH TAKES UP THE HUMANITARIAN WORK IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY—SALE OF CHILDREN COMMON—STORY OF SAINT BATHILDE—CHILDREN SOLD FOR FATHER’S DEBTS—DATHEUS THE FIRST TO OFFER CHILDREN A HOME—APPEAL OF POPE INNOCENT III. 287 CHAPTER XXI CRUELTY TO CHILDREN IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURY—ATTEMPT AT REGULATION—DEFORMING CHILDREN FOR MOUNTEBANK PURPOSES—ANECDOTE OF VINCENT DE PAUL—HIS WORK AND HIS SUCCESS 302 CHAPTER XXII RISE OF FACTORY SYSTEM—THE CHILD A CHARGE ON THE STATE—CHILDREN ACTUALLY SLAVES UNDER FACTORY SYSTEM—REFORM OF 1833—OASTLER AGAINST THE CHILD SLAVERY—“JUVENILE LABOUR IN FACTORIES IS A NATIONAL BLESSING” 312 CHAPTER XXIII INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS IN AMERICA—PROTECTION FOR ANIMALS—FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN—SPREAD OF THE MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE WORLD—ORIGIN IN NEW YORK CITY 332 APPENDIX A—NAPOLEONIC DECREE OF 1811 341 APPENDIX B—CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN 346 APPENDIX C—TREATMENT OF CHILDREN 349 INDEX 361 ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE MR. ELBRIDGE T. GERRY _Frontispiece_ Founder of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NATIVE EAST AFRICAN MOTHER AND INFANT 17 (Courtesy of Museum of Natural History, New York) A WELL-CARED FOR ESKIMO INFANT 17 (Courtesy of Museum of Natural History, New York) FAMILY LIFE AMONG BIRDS. GROUP OF AMERICAN EGRET 20 (Courtesy of Museum of Natural History, New York) A FAMILY OF ANTHROPOID APES, FROM A DRAWING BY DAN BEARD 24 (Courtesy of Museum of Natural History, New York) FAMILY OF POLAR BEARS 24 (Courtesy of Museum of Natural History, New York) PRIMITIVE FAMILY LIFE AMONG THE HOPI INDIANS 28 (Courtesy of the Museum of Natural History, New York) A HINDU CHILD-MOTHER, WHOSE CARES WILL MAKE HER OLD AT THIRTY 42 ZULU GIRL WITH BABY. THE PRACTICE OF EXPOSURE ENDED AMONG THE ZULUS ONLY WITHIN THE PRESENT GENERATION 42