[Footnote 16: The literature of the war and of the struggles of Free China has already reached an enormous extent. The present work makes no attempt to present a step-by-step account of the interplay of personal politics, the progress of the armies, or to provide a first-hand personal account. Observers other than the author have presented these topics exceedingly well. A few of the outstanding works may be mentioned, however; a Shanghai press line usually signifies that the book was reprinted there from a British or North American edition. Epstein, I., _The People's War_, London, 1939, is a spirited, detailed account of development down to the spring of 1939, particularly useful for the New Fourth Army and the Border Region. Among accounts of the war are Bertram, J. M., _Unconquered_, New York, 1939; Oliver, Frank, _Special Undeclared War_, London, 1939, containing interesting accounts, in particular, of Japanese military and political behavior in China. Andersson, J. G., _China Fights for the World_ [Shanghai], 1939; Utley, Freda, _China at War_ [Shanghai], 1939, a significant personal account with special interest for the Hankow period; Mowrer, Edgar, _Mowrer in China_, Harmondsworth (England), 1938, published in America as _The Dragon Wakes_, New York, 1939; Booker, Edna Lee, _News Is My Job_ [Shanghai], 1940, a reminiscent anecdotage; Lady Hosie, _Brave New China_, [Shanghai], n.d., a far more informed work than most of the autobiographical accounts, by the daughter and widow of two British Orientalists, herself a distinguished literary writer on China. On the North China situation, four popular works stand out: Snow, Edgar, _Red Star Over China_, New York, 1938, the great "scoop" on the Communists; and three other books based on first-hand reconnaissance: Bisson, T. A., work cited above; Hanson, Haldore, "_Humane Endeavour_" [Shanghai], n.d.; and Carlson, Evans Fordyce, _Twin Stars of China_, New York, 1940, the work of the U. S. Marine Corps Observer in the guerrilla area, unique in its value as professional military interpretation. Gunther, John, _Inside Asia_, New York, 1939, contains much of great interest. Very special viewpoints are represented in the account of a National-Socialist German observer, Urach, Fürst A., _Ostasien, Kampf um das Kommende Grossreich_, Berlin, 1940; the commentary of two British poets, Auden, W. H., and Isherwood, Christopher, _Journey to a War_, New York, 1939; and the reportage of a distinguished Soviet fellow-traveller, Strong, Anna Louise, _One-Fifth of Mankind_, New York, 1938.] CHAPTER I THE CONSTITUTION