The Central Government is the topic of the fourth Chapter. The first section of the Chapter describes the Presidency; the remaining five, the five _Yüan_. This applies the five-fold separation of powers. Sun Yat-sen held that a three-fold separation of powers, as known in the West and applied to American government, was efficacious; he also considered that the Imperial Chinese separation of powers (an implicit one only) was also desirable. The West had executive, legislative, judicial; old China combined these three into the governing power, and joined thereto the examinative power and the _chien-ch'a_[8] power. (The _chien-ch'a_ power involved the functions of the traditional Chinese censorate; overt and active expressions are found in auditing and in the lodgment of impeachment charges. The term is fundamentally untranslatable, but if the tribunician connotations of _Censor_ or the emergency meaning of _Control_ be recalled, either of these terms will serve.) Sun Yat-sen combined the Western and the old-Chinese separations, developing a theory of the five powers. The Draft Constitution, like its two working predecessors, is a five-power constitution, with five great _Yüan_ (Boards, Presidencies, or Courts), each headed by a _Yüan-chang_ (_Yüan_ President). The fourth Chapter, by including the President and all five _Yüan_, almost covers the full reach of Chinese government. [Footnote 8: For a more extended discussion of this point, see the author's _The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I_, Baltimore, 1937, p. 218 _ff._, and also p. 96 _ff._]