In the United States, I am indebted for introductions and advice to Dr. Hu Shih, the Chinese Ambassador; Professor George Taylor, of the University of Washington; and Mr. Frederick V. Field, of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations. My colleagues and friends at Duke University have been very helpful. Professors Homer Dubs and Paul H. Clyde, my colleagues in the Far Eastern field, read the manuscript and made invaluable suggestions; Professor Dubs' command of Chinese has saved me from many predicaments. Professor Robert R. Wilson has been unfailing in his encouragement, sympathetic interest, and facilitation of my plans. The Duke University Research Council has assisted me with annual grants for the collections of documentary materials on Chinese politics. Save for this, I have received no financial aid or subsidy from any institution, person, or government whatever. Mr. J. C. Yang, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Hosack, Mrs. Freda Townsend, and Mrs. Margaret Linebarger have assisted me with manuscripts and proof. I wish to thank the Director, Dr. S. Shepard Jones, and the staff of the World Peace Foundation for their patience, and helpfulness during the preparation of this work for the press. Miss Marie J. Carroll has been especially helpful. All opinions and statements herein expressed are my own, unless clearly indicated as quotation. These acknowledgments are a record of thanks. I assume sole and complete responsibility for the contents of this book. P. M. A. L. _Durham, North Carolina March 31, 1941_ WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION [Illustration: Logo] 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Massachusetts _Founded in 1910_ _Board of Trustees_ GEORGE H. BLAKESLEE, _President_ FRANK AYDELOTTE JAMES PHINNEY BAXTER, 3d HARVEY H. BUNDY LEONARD W. CRONKHITE STEPHEN DUGGAN HARRY A. GARFIELD CHRISTIAN A. HERTER BRUCE C. HOPPER MANLEY O. HUDSON A. LAWRENCE LOWELL J. GRAFTON ROGERS CHARLES SEYMOUR JOHN H. WILLIAMS HENRY M. WRISTON _General Staff_ S. SHEPARD JONES, _Director_ DENYS P. MYERS, _Research_ MARIE J. CARROLL, _Reference_ MARY J. MACDONALD, _Treasurer_ The World Peace Foundation is a non-profit organization which was founded in 1910 by Edwin Ginn, the educational publisher, for the purpose of promoting peace, justice and good-will among nations. For many years the Foundation has sought to increase public understanding of international problems by an objective presentation of the facts of international relations. This purpose is accomplished principally through its publications and by the maintenance of a Reference Service which furnishes on request information on current international problems. Recently increased attention has been focused on American foreign relations by study groups organized for the consideration of actual problems of policy. CONTENTS