I shall return to the subject of executions in the second volume, and shall have to show that the horrors of executions were but little diminished by the substitution of the Old Bailey as the scene. Seventy-four years were to elapse before the wisdom of legislators and the good sense of the public insisted that the extreme penalty of the law should be carried out in strictest privacy within the walls of the gaol. CHAPTER VII. ESCAPES. Escapes from Newgate mostly commonplace--Causes of escapes--Mediæval prison breaking--Scheme of escape in a coffin--Other methods--Changing clothes--Setting fire to prison--Connivance of keepers--Ordinary devices--Quarrying walls, taking up floors, cutting their fetters, &c.--Jack Sheppard--His escapes from Newgate--His capture--Special instructions from Secretary of State for his speedy trial and execution--Burnworth’s attempt--Joshua Dean--Daniel Malden’s two escapes--His personal narrative and account of his recapture--Stratagem and disguise--Female clothing--Mr. Barlow the Jacobite detected in a woman’s dress and taken to the Old Bailey--General Forster’s escape--Mr. Pitt the governor suspended and suspected of complicity--Brigadier Macintosh and fifteen other Jacobites escape--Some retaken--Mr. Ratcliffe gets away--Again in trouble in the ’45 and executed. Escapes from Newgate have been numerous enough, but except in a few cases not particularly remarkable. They miss the extraordinary features of celebrated evasions, such as those of Casanova Von Trenck and Latude. The heroes of Newgate, too, were mostly commonplace criminals. There was but little romance about their misdeeds, and they scarcely excite the sympathy which we cannot deny to victims of tyrannical immured under the Piombi or in the Bastille. They lacked aptitude, moreover, or perhaps opportunity, to weave their stories into thrilling narratives, such as have been preserved from the pens of more scholarly prisoners. Hence the chronicle of Newgate is somewhat bald and uninteresting as regards escapes. It rings the changes upon conventional stratagems and schemes. All more or less bear testimony to the cunning and adroitness of the prisoners, but all equally prove the keepers’ carelessness or cupidity. An escape from prison argues always a want of precaution. This may come of mere neglectfulness, or it may be bought at a price. Against bribery there can be no protection, but long experience has established the watchful supervision, which to-day avails more than bolts and bars and blocks of stone. A prisoner can sooner win through a massive wall than elude a keen-eyed warder’s care. Hence in all modern prison construction the old idea of mere solidity has been abandoned, and reliance is placed rather upon the upright intelligence of that which we may term the prison police. The minute inspection of cells and other parts occupied