But this at least we may say of Sacraments. Matter without spirit cannot effect that which matter with spirit can, and does, effect. As in the Incarnation, God[7] expresses Himself through matter[8]--so it is in the Sacraments. In Baptism, the Holy Spirit "expresses Himself" through water: in the Eucharist, through bread and wine. In each case, the perfect integrity of matter and of spirit are essential to the validity of the Sacrament. In each case, it is the conjunction of the two which guarantees the full effect of either.[9] (III) THE NAMES OF THE SACRAMENTS. As given in the Prayer Book, these are seven--"Baptism, and the Supper of the Lord," Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and Unction. We will think now of the two first. [1] St. Leo defines a Sacrament thus: "_Sacramentum_. (1) It originally signified the pledge or deposit in money which in certain suits according to Roman Law plaintiff and defendant were alike bound to make; (2) it came to signify a pledge of military fidelity, a _voluntary_ oath; (3) then the _exacted_ oath of allegiance; (4) any oath whatever; (5) in early Christian use any sacred or solemn act, and especially any mystery where more was meant than met the ear or eye" (Blight's "Select Sermons of St. Leo on the Incarnation," p. 136). [2] Symbolical of completion. [3] Church Catechism. [4] Article XXV. [5] The answer is borrowed from Peter Lombard (a pupil of Abelard and Professor of Theology, and for a short time Bishop of Paris), who defines a Sacrament as a "visible sign of an invisible grace," probably himself borrowing the thought from St. Augustine. [6] Dr. Illingworth calls "the material order another aspect of the spiritual, which is gradually revealing itself through material concealment, in the greater and lesser Christian Sacraments, which radiate from the Incarnation" ("Sermons Preached in a College Chapel," p. 173). [7] God is _Spirit_, St. John iv. 24. [8] The Word was made _Flesh_, St. John i. 14. [9] The water in Baptism is not, of course, _consecrated_, as the bread and wine are in the Eucharist. It does not, like the bread and wine, "become what it was not, without ceasing to be what it was," but it is "_sanctified_ to the mystical washing away of sins". {63} CHAPTER V. BAPTISM. Consider, What it is; What it does; How it does it. (I) WHAT IT IS. The Sacrament of Baptism is the supernatural conjunction of matter and spirit--of water and the Holy Ghost. Water must be there, and spirit must be there. It is by the conjunction of the two that the Baptized is "born anew of water and of the Holy Ghost".