[154] See Ludwig Ideler, _Handbuch der mathematischen u. techn. Chronologie_, II. 219. [155] See for a full treatment of the subject Ideler, II. 226-231. [156] _H.E._ I. 9. [157] In the opinion of Duchesne the controversy dealt with in A.D. 325 was between the system of Antioch, which celebrated Easter on the Sunday next after the Jewish Pascha, and the system of Alexandria, which insisted on Easter being always after the vernal equinox. See _Christian Worship_, E. tr., 237. [158] Eusebius, _Vita Const._ III. 18: Socrates _H.E._ I. 9. [159] In French there is a trace of the more extended meaning in the phrase ‘quinzaine de Pâques,’ meaning ‘Holy week and Easter week.’ In Scotland and the north of England gifts of ‘pasch eggs’ (pronounced ‘paise eggs’), hard-boiled eggs stained with various colours, at Easter are still not unknown. [160] Hefele, _Councils_, E. tr. II. 67. [161] For the history of the paschal controversies in the time of Pope Leo see Bruno Krusch, _Studien zur christlich-mittelalterlichen Chronologie. Der 84 jährige Ostercyclus und seine Quellen_ (Leipzig, 1880). [162] See Appendix I. [163] See Bruno Krusch, _Studien_, p. 32 f. [164] The student who desires further details of the history of the controversies about the date of Easter, prior to the time of Dionysius Exiguus, may consult with profit the dissertation of Adrian Baillet in the ninth volume of his _Les Vies des Saints_ (ed. 1739). [165] The author died before his work was presented to the Pope, a duty performed by his brother Antonio Lilio, who was also a physician. Now and then we find the Gregorian Kalendar spoken of as the Lilian Kalendar. [166] See Seabury, _The theory and use of the Church Calendar in measurement and distribution of time_, p. 120. Other devices of the astronomers which would reduce the error to only one day in a thousand centuries are noticed in the same work. [167] Sir Harris Nicholas, _Chronology of History_, pp. 32-34; Giry, _Manuel de Diplomatique_, pp. 165-167. [168] Notices of these Menologies will be found in Kellner’s _Heortology_, 387-393: and on both the Menology and the Menaea (in twelve volumes, corresponding to the months from September to August) see the Dissertation _de libris et officiis ecclesiasticis Graecorum_ appended to Cave’s _Historia Literaria_. [169] Nilles’ _Kalendarium Manuale_, tom I., and Prince Maximilian’s _Praelectiones_, pp. 122-221, may be consulted by the curious. [170] The great doxology corresponds substantially to _Gloria in excelsis_; and the little doxology to _Gloria Patri_, etc. [171] See _Suicer’s Thesaurus_, s.v. [172] The 318 bishops at Nicaea in A.D. 325. [173] p. 84. [174] See Neale’s _Holy Eastern Church_, II. pp. 743, 749, 753. [175] See Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the history of the Church of England_, pp. 150, 173. [176] See V. Staley’s _The Liturgical Year_, where the Kalendar of the Church of England is treated with much fulness. INDEX