V. FESTIVALS OF THE VIRGIN MARY. Hypapante (the Purification), originally a festival of the Lord. The same true of the Annunciation. The Nativity and the Sleep (_Dormitio_) of the Virgin. The Presentation. The Conception. The epithet ‘Immaculate’ prefixed to the title in 1854. Festivals of the Theotokos in the East 47 VI. FESTIVALS OF APOSTLES, EVANGELISTS, AND OTHER PERSONS NAMED IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. St Peter and St Paul. St Peter’s Chair,—the Chair at Antioch. St Peter’s Chains. St Andrew. St James the Great. St John: St John before the Latin gate, a Western festival. St Matthew. St Luke. St Mark. St Philip and St James. St Simon and St Jude. St Thomas. St Bartholomew. St John the Baptist; his Nativity, his Decollation. The Conversion of St Paul. St Mary Magdalene. St Barnabas. Eastern commemorations of the Seventy disciples (_apostles_). Octaves. Vigils 58 VII. SEASONS OF PREPARATION AND PENITENCE. Advent: varieties in its observance. Lent: its historical development; varieties as to its commencement and its length. Other special times of fasting: the three fasts known in the West as _Quadragesima_. Rogation days. The Four Seasons (Ember Days). Fasts of Eastern Churches 76 VIII. WESTERN KALENDARS AND MARTYROLOGIES: Bede, Florus, Ado, Usuard. Old Irish Martyrologies. Value of Kalendars towards ascertaining the dates and origins of liturgical manuscripts. _Claves Festorum._ The modern Roman Martyrology 93 IX. EASTER AND THE MOVEABLE COMMEMORATIONS. Early Paschal controversies. Rule as to the full moon after the vernal equinox. Hippolytus and his cycle: the so-called Cyprianic cycle; Dionysius of Alexandria. Anatolius. The Council of Nicaea and the Easter controversy. Later differences between the computations of Rome and Alexandria. Festal (or Paschal) Letters of the Bishops of Alexandria. _Supputatio Romana._ Victorius of Aquitaine. Dionysius Exiguus. The Nineteen-year Cycle. The Paschal Limits. The Gregorian Reform. The adoption of the New Style 104