Similarly corresponding to feasts of the second class in the West is
a group which is divided into greater and lesser. The greater feasts
of this group are marked liturgically by the singing of a canon of the
Virgin in addition to the canon proper to the feast. The lesser are
marked by the singing in the service of what is known as _Polyeleos_, a
name given to Psalms cxxxiv, cxxxv (Pss. cxxxv, cxxxvi in the enumeration
of the English Prayer Book).
The greater feasts of the middle class are: (1) the common festival of
the three Doctors of the Church [Chrysostom, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen],
Jan. 30; (2) St George, martyr, April 23; (3) St John the Evangelist, May
8; (4) the Translation of the image of Christ, made without hands, from
Edessa, Aug. 16; (5) the Migration of St John the Evangelist, Sept. 26.
This festival is based on the ancient legend that St John did not die,
but was translated; (6) St Sabbas, the Sanctified [Abbot of Palestine,
who died A.D. 531], Dec. 5; (7) St Nicholas of Myra, the wonder-worker,
Dec. 6.
The lesser feasts of the middle class include: (1) St Anthony, hermit,
Jan. 17; (2) the forty Martyrs [of Sebaste, under Licinius], March 9; (3)
St Constantine and St Helena, May 21; (4) St Cosmas and St Damian, the
unmercenary physicians, July 1; (5) St Elias, the prophet, July 20; (6)
St Demetrius, Great Martyr [of Thessalonica, under Diocletian], Oct.
26; (7) Synaxis of the Archangel, St Michael, Nov. 8; (8) St Andrew the
Apostle, Nov. 30.
There is a third class subdivided into (_a_) festivals with the great
doxology, and (_b_) festivals without the great doxology[170]. Festivals
of the third class are very numerous, but they are festivals rather of
the service-books than of actual life, upon which they leave little or
no impression. The number of festivals kept by the Greeks and observed
either by a complete or a partial cessation from trade and servile labour
far surpasses the festivals so observed in any of the countries of
Western Christendom.
The Russian Kalendar corresponds largely to the Byzantine; but there are,
as might be expected, not a few commemorations of persons, events, and of
miraculous _icons_, peculiar to Russia.
A few explanatory observations may here be added: (1) The Eastern
Kalendars contrast in a striking way with the Western in the prominence
given to commemorations of the saints and heroes of the Old Testament.
All the prophets and many of the righteous men of Hebrew history have
their days. And the service-books contain a _common_ of Prophets as well
as a _common_ of Apostles, etc.
(2) Honorary epithets are freely bestowed upon the various saints without
any very precise significance. Thus ‘God-bearing’ (_theophorus_), which
is a natural epithet in the case of Ignatius, as being used of himself
in his writings, is bestowed on various distinguished ascetics, as
Anthony, Euthymius, Sabbas, Onuphrius.
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