Cities and towns; Social psychology; Sociology; Sociology, Urban
It is in locomotion, also, that the peculiar type of organization that
we call “social” develops. The characteristic of a social organism—if we
may call it an organism—is the fact that it is made up of individuals
capable of independent locomotion. If society were, as some individuals
have sought to conceive it, an organism in the biological sense—if it
were made up of little cells all neatly and safely inclosed in an outer
integument, or skin, in which all cells were so controlled and protected
that no single cell could by any chance have any adventures or new
experience of its own—there would be no need for men in society to have
minds, for it is not because men are alike that they are social, but
because they are different. They are moved to act by individual
purposes, but in doing so they realize a common end. Their impulses are
private, but actions are public.
In view of all this we may well ask ourselves what, if anything, is the
matter with the hobo’s mind. Why is it that with all the variety of his
experiences he still has so many dull days? Why, with so much leisure,
has he so little philosophy? Why, with so wide an acquaintance with
regions, with men, and with cities, with life in the open road and in
the slums, has he been able to contribute so little to our actual
knowledge of life?
We need not even pause for a reply. The trouble with the hobo mind is
not lack of experience, but lack of a vocation. The hobo is, to be sure,
always on the move, but he has no destination, and naturally he never
arrives. Wanderlust, which is the most elementary expression of the
romantic temperament and the romantic interest in life, has assumed for
him, as for so many others, the character of a vice. He has gained his
freedom, but he has lost his direction. Locomotion and change of scene
have had for him no ulterior significance. It is locomotion for its own
sake. Restlessness and the impulse to escape from the routine of
ordinary life, which in the case of others frequently marks the
beginning of some new enterprise, spends itself for him in movements
that are expressive merely. The hobo seeks change solely for the sake of
change; it is a habit, and, like the drug habit, moves in a vicious
circle. The more he wanders, the more he must. It is merely putting the
matter in an another way to say that the trouble with the hobo, as Nels
Anderson has pointed out in his recent volume, _The Hobo_, is that he is
an individualist. He has sacrificed the human need of association and
organization to a romantic passion for individual freedom. Society is,
to be sure, made up of independent, locomoting individuals. It is this
fact of locomotion, as I have said, that defines the very nature of
society. But in order that there may be permanence and progress in
society the individuals who compose it must be located; they must be
located, for one thing, in order to maintain communication, for it is
only through communication that the moving equilibrium which we call
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