3. A classification in use especially among the geographers is that arising from differences in site. It is important to distinguish between the general situation of a city, i.e., its location with reference to the surrounding territory and the means of communication with other centers of population and resources, and its immediate local setting which influences its structure and growth and brings with it certain other more deep-seated consequences. Biermann, Charles. “Situation et Site de Lausanne,” _Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise de Geog._, XXV (1916), 122–49. Reviewed in _Geog. Rev._, VI (1918), 285. Distinguishes between general location and immediate site as factors determining the character of the city. Emphasizes the limitations imposed on the modern city by its medieval defensive system. (III, 1, 2; VI, 3.) Brunhes, Jean. _Human Geography: An Attempt at a Positive Classification, Principles and Examples._ Translated by T. C. LeCompte (Chicago and New York, 1920). The most comprehensive and basic work in human geography at the present time available. Discusses the city as a form of occupation of the soil. Describes the principles and gives many illustrations of the effect of location on the growth and the character of cities. (I, 1; II, 2, 3; III; IV; VII, 1, 2.) King, C. F. “Striking Characteristics of Certain Cities,” _Jour. School Geog._, IV (1900), 201–7, 301–8, 370–91. (III, 1, 2, 4, 6.) Semple, Ellen C. “Some Geographical Causes Determining the Location of Cities,” _Jour. School Geog._, I (1897), 225–31. Smith, Joseph Russell. _Human Geography: Teachers’ Manual_ (Philadelphia and Chicago, 1922). 4. Cities may be classified according to the functions they characteristically perform in national or world economy. The competitive process tends to operate between cities as well as within cities, so as to give each city a rôle defining its status in the world-community. The capital city has certain features which distinguish it from a commercial and industrial city. The railroad city is fundamentally different from a resort city, from the religious Mecca, the university seat, and the international port. Even within these classes we find further specialization. Thus, we have a steel city, a film city, an automobile city, a rubber city, and a tool city. The ecological process on a national and world-wide scale is not sufficiently well known at the present time to permit of any definite system of classification, but that there is a strong tendency toward functional specialization between cities as entities is no longer open to doubt. Cornish, Vaughan. _The Great Capitals: An Historical Geography_ (London, 1922). A study of the variations within the type of city serving as a political center. A work which has given a great deal of impetus to the study of functional types of cities. (III, 1.)