Faris, J. T. “The Heart of the Middle West,” _Travel_, XLII (December, 1923), 30–34. Geddes, Patrick. “Cities, and the Soils They Grow From.” _Survey Graphic_ (April, 1925), pp. 40–44. A rather philosophical conception of the city as related to the natural environment. Suggestions concerning geotechnics, afforestation, and regional development. (III, 2, 3; V, 5.) Jefferson, Mark. “Some Considerations on the Geographical Provinces of the United States,” _Ann. of the Ass. of Amer. Geographers_, VII (1917), 3–15. Develops the theory that the country as a whole can be divided into provinces according to location on seacoast, inland lake, river, etc., and that the cities of each province are characterized by factors arising out of their location. (III, 3, 4; IV, 1, 6.) Mercier, Marcel. _La Civilisation Urbaine au Mzab: Étude de Sociologie Africaine_ (Alger, 1922). The study of an African city in a desert region, whose immediate site is determined by water supply and transportation routes. The directions and the limitation of the social activities of the community are dictated by the environment. (III, 1, 6; IV, 1, 6; V, 1; VI; VII, 2; IX, 1.) Ratzel, Friedrich. “Die geographische Lage der grossen Städte,” in volume “_Die Grossstadt_,” edited by Th. Petermann, Dresden, 1903. A thoroughgoing consideration of the location types of cities by one of the earliest and most competent students of the subject. Offers the theory, also held by Cooley (C. H. Cooley, _The Theory of Transportation_) that cities arise at the end of a route of transportation, or at a juncture of several such routes, or at the point where one route of transportation joins another; where, for instance, a land transportation route ends and a waterway begins. Ratzel also gives one of the earliest and soundest geographical definitions of the city: “A permanent condensation (or dense settlement) of human beings and human habitations covering a considerable area and situated in the midst (or at the juncture) of several routes of transportation.” (I; II; III, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; IV, 1; V, 5; VII, 2.) Ridgley, Douglas C. “Geographic Principles in the Study of Cities,” _Jour. of Geog._, XXIV (February, 1925), 66–78. A reiteration of Cooley’s theory: “Population and wealth tend to collect wherever there is a break in transportation.” (I, 1; VII, 1, 2.) Wright, Henry C. _The American City: An Outline of Its Development and Functions_ (Chicago, 1916). Chapter i outlines the location of cities and classifies them according to their purpose. The rest of the book is taken up with government, finance, administrative problems, such as health, police, education, housing, zoning, and the effect of the city on the citizens. (III, 3, 4; V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 2; IX.)