[356] “Life,” 3; “Wars,” III. vii. 2-viii. 9. [357] “Wars,” VI. ii. 1; Mishnah, _Taanith_, iv. 6. [358] “Wars,” V. xii. 2. [359] See my plan and account, “Mem. West Pal. Survey,” iii. p. 417. [360] “Ord. Survey Notes,” p. 64. [361] “Mem. West Pal. Survey,” Jerusalem vol., p. 419. [362] Perhaps the Aramaic really read _Beth ha Rababthi_ (_B_ and _N_ being much alike), thus connecting the place with the present Valley of _Rabâbeh_--the Hinnom gorge. [363] “Wars,” VI. i. 6-iv. 6; Mishnah, _Taanith_, iv. 6, 7. [364] “Wars,” VI. viii. 1–4. [365] Josephus, “Life,” 75. [366] Madden, “Coins of the Jews,” pp. 183–97. [367] Tacitus, “Hist.,” V. xiii.; Josephus, “Wars,” VI. v. 3. CHAPTER IX THE ROMAN CITY When the last smouldering fires had burned out among the ruins, the silence of death came over the desolate heaps which had once been Jerusalem, nor does it appear certain that any buildings were erected, or any native population allowed to dwell on the site, for sixty-five years after the fall of the city. The camp of the 10th legion was built on the plateau of the upper city, and was defended by the three great towers, which would form a citadel still in case of need. The demolition of the walls appears otherwise to have been so complete as to leave no traces of their lines thereafter, though the huge blocks lay on the ground, and were used again when the Roman colonial city, Ælia Capitolina, was built. Every stone of the Holy House seems to have been deliberately removed. The outer Temple ramparts were overthrown into the valleys, down to the level of the plateau formed by Herod within them. Two buttresses only were left on the north-west, close to Antonia, while on the south-east the corner of the wall stood up alone, as it was seen by the pilgrims down to the time of Justinian in our sixth century, with the spring of a huge arch which supported vaults at this angle. The great bridge was broken down to the ground, and the stones of its arch still lie on the Herodian pavement of the street that passed under it. Zion was a “ploughed field,” and the rabbis who ventured to visit the desolate sanctuary mourned as they saw the jackals prowling in its ruins.[368] [Sidenote: THE EARLY BISHOPS]