FACING PAGE THE SILOAM INSCRIPTION 66 JERUSALEM IN 600 B. C. 78 HEBREW INSCRIPTION (TOMB OF THE BENI ḤEZIR) 104 HERODIAN GRAFFITI 118 DOME AT THE DOUBLE GATE 120 GREEK TEXT OF HEROD’S TEMPLE 122 BLOCK PLAN OF HEROD’S TEMPLE 128 THE SUPPOSED SITE OF CALVARY 152 TOMB WEST OF CALVARY 156 JERUSALEM IN 70 A. D. 176 THE MEDEBA MOSAIC MAP 200 SPECIMENS OF MASONRY 220 JERUSALEM IN 530 A. D. 226 JERUSALEM IN 1187 A. D. 284 EARLY MAP OF JERUSALEM (ABOUT 1308 A. D.) 322 MODERN JERUSALEM 328 THE CITY OF JERUSALEM CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY I first set eyes on Jerusalem one summer morning in 1872. The view--a mile away--of the long grey wall, the cypress trees of the Armenian garden, and the single minaret at the west gate, was not then obstructed by the row of Jewish cottages since built. The population was only about a third of what it now is. The railway station was not thought of, and only a few villas outside the gate existed, while the suburbs to north and south had not grown up, and Olivet was not covered with modern buildings. I passed two winters (1873–5) in the city, the second in a house in the Jews’ quarter, and later on (1881–2) a third winter at the hotel; and during these visits my time was mainly occupied in wandering among the less-known corners of the town. It was a period very favourable for exploration. The survey by Sir Charles Wilson, the researches of de Vogüé, and the wonderful excavations of Sir Charles Warren, were then recent. The German Emperor, William I., had just ordered the clearing out of the eastern half of the great square of St. John’s Hospital, having been given by the Sultan the site of Charlemagne’s hospice beside the Church of St. Mary Latin. In 1874 Mr. Henry Maudeslay was exploring the ancient scarps at the south-west corner of the Hebrew city; and, by the Sultan’s order, the Dome of the Rock--deconsecrated for a time--was being repaired, while other excavations were in progress outside the city on the north. [Sidenote: DISCOVERIES]