The North’s prison camp at Elmira, N. Y., had many similarities to Andersonville. This Federal compound existed for a year. During that time, 2,963 of 12,123 Confederate prisoners died from various causes. In the twenty-month life of Rock Island Prison Camp, 1,960 of 12,400 Southern inmates succumbed to exposure and disease. At six remote tobacco warehouses in Danville, Virginia, 1,400 of 7,000 Federal prisoners died of smallpox, malnutrition, and intestinal disorders in the space of a year. In all, the Chief of the U. S. Record and Pension Office reported in 1903, 25,976 Confederates and 30,218 Federals died in Civil War prisons. It is difficult still to give an accurate and impartial summary of Civil War prisons. Conflicting facts, lost records, and bitter feelings hamper attempts to arrive at a just verdict. But perhaps Prof. James Ford Rhodes was not far from the truth when he stated: “All things considered the statistics show no reason why the North should reproach the South [about atrocious prison conditions]. If we add to one side of the account the refusal to exchange the prisoners and the greater resources, and to the other the distress of the Confederacy, the balance struck will not be far from even. Certain it is that no deliberate intention existed either in Richmond or Washington to inflict suffering on captives more than inevitably accompanied their confinement.” [Illustration: The Confederate Commissary General Of Prisons was Gen. John H. Winder of Maryland.] [Illustration: Winder’s Federal counterpart, Gen. William H. Hoffman of New York, likewise was accused of many atrocities.] SUGGESTED READINGS _Civil War History_ (University of Iowa quarterly journal), June, 1962, issue: “Civil War Prisons.” Cooper, Alonzo, _In and Out of Rebel Prisons_ (1888). Douglas, Henry Kyd, _I Rode With Stonewall_ (1940). Durkin, J. T., ed., _John Dooley, Confederate Soldier, His War Journal_ (1943). Hemmerlein, Richard F., _Prisons and Prisoners of the Civil War_ (1934). Hesseltine, William B., _Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology_ (1930). Holmes, Clay D., _Elmira Prison Camp_ (1912). Isham, Asa B., _Prisoners of War and Military Prisons_ (1890). McElroy, John, _Andersonville_ (1879). Page, James M., _The True Story of Andersonville Prison_ (1908). VIII. ARMS ARTILLERY About forty-eight different types and sizes of cannons were used in the Civil War. Identifying a particular weapon thus requires knowing such facts as the name of the gun, howitzer, rifle or mortar; whether it was a smoothbore (without rifling in the barrel) or a rifled gun (with barrel groovings), etc. The two most popular cannons in the Civil War were the 12-pounder Napoleon smoothbore howitzer and the 10-pounder Parrott rifled field gun.