[Illustration: _This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near Fredericksburg was built by the Military Railroad construction corps from 204,000 feet of standing timber in nine days._] [Illustration: _In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, with 365 engines and 4,203 cars, delivered over 5 million tons of supplies to the armies in the field._] [Illustration: _Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the placid waters off Hampton Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and supplies were moved by ocean transports, chartered at a daily cost of $92,000._] [Illustration: _Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point with equipment and supplies for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per cent of the total supply tonnage was transported by water._] [Illustration: CIVIL WAR SMALL ARMS] [Illustration: CIVIL WAR ARTILLERY] _MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS_ _12-Pounder Howitzer 1,070_ _6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns 1,200_ _13-Inch Siege Mortar 3,520_ _10-Pounder Parrott Rifle 5,000_ _10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun 5,650_ _30-Pounder Parrott Rifle 8,450_ _12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle 8,800_ _TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE_ _12-Pounder Field Gun_ _Powder Charge 2.5 lbs._ _Range (yards)_ _600_ _700_ _800_ _900_ _1,000_ _1,100_ _1,200_ _Muzzle Elevation_ _1°_ _1°45'_ _2°_ _2°15'_ _2°30'_ _3°_ _3°30'_ _Fuse Setting (sec.)_ _1.75_ _2.50_ _2.75_ _3.00_ _3.25_ _4.00_ _4.50_ [Illustration: _A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns mounted during the war, stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia._] [Illustration: _The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron jacket reinforcing its breech, was one of the first rifled field guns used by the U.S. Army._] [Illustration: _Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the 13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled 200-pound exploding shells at the Confederate earthworks over two miles away._] [Illustration: _Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored gun, the earliest rail artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate Navy, was first used at Savage Station, Virginia, in 1862._] [Illustration: _Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as effective as masonary in defensive works. Thousands of these baskets were patiently made by hand for use in field and seacoast fortifications._] [Illustration: _Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in this fortification overlook famous Peachtree Street._] [Illustration: _Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal attacks by infantry._]