*84.* _Local, Secular Matters._—There is still another division of superior and inferior authority: the local corporation or congregation has nothing whatever to do with the doctrinal or disciplinary functions of the Church; but has only such powers and authority with regard to secular matters as is provided by the laws of the State or conferred by the articles of organization, charter, and by-laws. Also, unless there is some other rule to the contrary, only the male members who are over twenty-one years of age, have a voice and vote in such corporation.(156) *85.* _Unincorporated, Authority._—When a church is not incorporated, all its elections and proceedings, so far as they are not contrary to the laws of the State, must be in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Church; and the rule that the inferior authority must give way to the superior authority in all matters within the limitations of the constitution and laws of the organization, prevails.(157) However, courts are not always clear on the last part of this rule.(158) *86.* _Tribunal, Action, Appeal._—When any question arises and is being adjudicated in the tribunal of the church organization, either as an original action or on appeal, the State court will not interfere so long as the proceedings are in accordance with the rules and regulations of the church, unless some vested right to property is in question or some one’s right as a citizen of the State or of the United States is being infringed.(159) *87.* _Spiritual Authority, Excommunication._—Neither the Pope nor the bishop has any but spiritual authority within the State.(160) The law of this country considers excommunication as expelling from membership; but does not tolerate interference with civil or property rights of citizens. Therefore, major excommunication _non tolerati_, is unlawful in the United States.(161) However, a bishop is not liable for any expression of his opinion as to the extent of his episcopal authority nor for any act of omission in the exercise of his spiritual functions.(162) The civil courts will not go behind a church authority to inquire as to excommunication, but may examine as to the competency of the tribunal according to the laws of the denomination.(163) *88.* _Constitution, Limited, Decisions._—A written constitution is not necessary to prove the connection between a subordinate and superior ecclesiastical body; but it will be inferred from the circumstances of the case.(164) The superior may dissolve or reorganize an inferior body as a congregation.(165) In fact the superior authority, in religious matters, is plenary, excepting as limited by the laws of the State and the constitution of the Church.(166) The decisions of the ecclesiastical tribunals in all cases on doctrine, order, and discipline, are conclusive in the state courts.(167) CHAPTER VIII. INFERIOR AUTHORITY