*163.* _Note, Trustees._—A church will not be bound by a note which was executed by two of its trustees and sent around to other trustees to sign it, where there was no vote of the board of trustees at an authorized meeting to borrow or to execute such note.(295) A meeting of a board must be called as required by law or the by-laws of the organization, and in the absence of any such all members must be notified a reasonable time before the time fixed for holding the meeting. However, if all the trustees are present and agree to hold a meeting it is valid; but it would be well to put such consent in writing and have all the members sign it.(296) *164.* _Money, Powers._—The treasurer of a congregation has no right to return to members moving out of the parish a part of the money paid for the church by them.(297) Officers of a corporation have no powers only those conferred upon them by the charter and by-laws of the corporation or by a majority vote of a duly called meeting of the congregation.(298) When the trustees of a church are authorized to execute contracts for the church, they should act as a body or delegate the power to one of their number or ratify the acts of one of their number.(299) The individual disjointed action of trustees of a religious society, at various times and places, although assented to by a majority, is not the action of the board, and is not binding on the society. To make the action of the board of trustees binding, they must duly meet and by a vote determine their action.(300) *165.* _De Facto Officers._—The acts of _de facto_ officers can not usually be questioned in a collateral proceeding, such as to set aside a conveyance, when the merits of the question do not involve the election.(301) Being elected does not alone make a person a _de facto_ officer; but he must also be acting in the particular office to which he claims to have been elected.(302) But one who has entered into a contract with the officers of a congregation is estopped from denying their authority to make such contract.(303) *166.* _Trustees, Thanks, Charge._—Where trustees have taken care of funds without charge, the only entry kept being a vote of thanks from time to time, they could not afterward charge a commission on the moneys handled by them for such services.(304) *167.* _Discretion, Excommunication._—A court has no authority to control the exercise of the judgment or discretion of the officers of a church in the management of its funds so long as they do not violate its constitution or by-laws.(305) Excommunication does not always remove an officer of a church corporation.(306) The legal rights of a bishop in regard to the temporalities of a church where they are not prescribed by civil law, must rest, if at all, upon the ecclesiastical law, which must be determined by evidence.(307)