*334.* _Supporting Church, Mississippi._—In the early ages of the States several of them had laws for taxing all the property in parishes laid out by the State for the support of Protestant churches. Gradually these laws were eliminated and at the present time there is probably no State excepting Mississippi that uses money for the support of a church. Maine changed her laws in 1821, and other States followed from time to time.(596) While those taxes were collected, no land within the parish was exempt in some States and in others the property of a non-resident was exempt.(597) In New Hampshire and Pennsylvania, a person could not be compelled to pay the taxes to a denomination of which he was not a member.(598) *335.* _Appropriations, Contracts, Rent._—Under the constitution of the United States, Congress can not make appropriations nor give aid to any denomination. Also, similar provisions are in many of the constitutions of the States. However, many cases arise out of contracts, which border upon these various rules, and in some States the constitutional provision of the State is such that the State Legislature may legislate concerning religions and give certain aid and support thereto. Paying rent to a congregation for a school-room is not an appropriation or aid to a church contrary to the constitution.(599) CHAPTER XXV. ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS *336.* _Poor, Institutions, Negligence._—As hospitals, homes for the poor, and other eleemosynary institutions are supported by money given to charity, it would be a diversion of the trust funds if such institutions could be compelled to pay damages for negligence causing personal injury or death. The general rule is that the person causing the injury may be liable, but not the institution.(600) However, a charitable institution has been held liable for negligence of its manager to notify a nurse of the contagious nature of a case assigned to her.(601) *337.* _Surgeon, Gratuitous Services._—A charitable medical institution is not liable for the negligence of its surgeon in operating upon a patient gratuitously where such institution exercises due care in employing a surgeon deemed competent. The fact that besides such gratuitous services, medicine is taught therein for tuition fees and patients who are able to pay are charged a small fee for room, board, nursing, etc., but no fee from the patient to the doctor, does not change it from a charitable institution.(602) However, a hospital that is an adjunct to a medical school is liable.(603) *338.* _Charitable Institution._—An institution that limits its benefactions to the members of a particular denomination is, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, a charitable institution.(604) This rule has exceptions.(605)