The history of the case may throw some light upon the state of the intestine. This is especially so in those cases in which the severity of the symptoms suddenly subsides without the rupture having been reduced. The pain is violent, the abdomen distended and singultus and stercoracious vomiting present; suddenly the patient's suffering cease, and were it not for the cold extremities, flickering pulse and persistent tumor--but above all, the teachings of experience--the surgeon could not but acknowledge that all tangible appearances portended a change for the better. Yet, almost invariably gangrene of the gut has taken place, and the fallacious evidences of improvement above noted are in reality its best clinical exponent. Certain almost as these signs are, when present, yet it comparatively seldom happens that the surgeon has their aid in guiding him in the measures he must adopt; they form, but infrequently, a part of the history of cases submitted to operation. If present, the surgeon is reasonably sure of what he will find when he operates; they may be absent and mortification yet exist. The patient's chance of life depends upon the surgeon's ability to recognize mortification of the bowel when he sees it, and his promptitude and skill in dealing with it when present. It scarcely need be said that mere darkening in color of the bowel, effusion of fluid into the sac, or exudation of lymph about the stricture are of no special significance in this connection, and bear in no way upon the presence or absence of mortification. It has been again and again repeated in manuals treating of hernia operations that a deep, purplish discoloration of the bowel and absence of circulation indicate mortification; that when these physical signs are present the surgeon should press upon the strictured part, and if the color remains unchanged when the finger is removed, the bowel is dead. It requires but little practical experience in dealing with these cases to appreciate the fallacious character of these signs; the gut may be fairly black from congestion and yet alive; the color may remain unchanged under pressure and still that fact have no bearing on the question of mortification, for a band of stricture, as yet unappreciated, may be the sole cause of the persistent hyperæmia.