E-text prepared by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) from psge images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) (http://gallica.bnf.fr/) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 19723-h.htm or 19723-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/7/2/19723/19723-h/19723-h.htm) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/7/2/19723/19723-h.zip) This document is taken from the _Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution_, 1894-95, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 73-198. Images of the original pages are available through the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) (http://gallica.bnf.fr/). Transcriber's Note: Typographical errors are listed at the end of the text. Brackets within quotations are in the original. THE CLIFF RUINS OF CANYON DE CHELLY, ARIZONA by COSMOS MINDELEFF CONTENTS Page Introduction 79 History and literature 79 Geography 82 Classification and descriptions 89 Ruins of the pueblo region 89 I--Old villages on open sites 93 II--Home villages on bottom lands 94 III--Home villages located for defense 111 IV--Cliff outlooks or farming shelters 142 Details 153 Sites 153 Masonry 159 Openings 164 Roofs, floors, and timber work 165 Storage and burial cists (Navaho) 166 Defensive and constructive expedients 170 Kivas or sacred chambers 174 Chimney-like structures 182 Traditions 190 Conclusions 191 ILLUSTRATIONS