Fur-trade factories, protected by strong forts, were early planted by the company at the mouths of several sub-arctic rivers, such as the Rupert, Moore, Albany, Nelson, and Churchill, the only inhabitants being the small garrisons and the company's trading servants. Several expeditions were successively made to Hudson's Bay by French war vessels; much devastation was wrought and blood spilled, until in 1697 the treaty of Ryswick put an end to the trouble, and left the company in undisputed possession. It had lost more than £200,000 in this predatory warfare, but soon regained its position, through the profits of the fur-trade. Sidenote: American rivals. After the fall of New France (1763), the Hudson's Bay Company met formidable rivals in the enterprising Northwest and American organizations; the story of the fierce competition which ensued, with its effect on American settlement and international boundaries, belongs to the period covered by other volumes of this series. Sidenote: Summary. From the foregoing sketch it will be seen that for all the American colonies to the south of Georgia the English were obliged to fight a changeful battle with the Spaniards and the French. It was not till after the Revolutionary war that the permanent ownership of the islands was assured to Great Britain. A similar struggle, though briefer and sooner concluded, went on for the possession of the colonies north of Maine. But twelve years before the Revolution the last of them had been yielded to the British. In Nova Scotia, and later in Canada, English residents were not numerous till the beginning of the nineteenth century. In Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay, in colonial times, the settlers were English, but in numbers they were few. CHAPTER XII. THE COLONIZATION OF NEW FRANCE (1608-1750). 107. References. Bibliographies.--Thwaites, _Jesuit Relations_, LXXI. 219-365, and _France in America_, ch. xix.; H. Biggar, _Early Trading Companies_, 171-296; Larned, _Literature of American History_, 395-421; Avery, II. 403-408, III. 436, 437; P. Gagnon, _Essai de bibliographie canadienne_; H. Harrisse, _Notes pour servir à l'histoire du Canada_. Consult also Wrong and Langton, _Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada_ (published annually). Historical Maps.--No. 4, this volume (_Epoch Maps_, No. 4); also maps in Parkman, Thwaites, Winsor, and MacCoun. General Accounts.--Lucas, _Historical Geography_, V. The standard English history of Canada is by W. Kingsford. The principal French historians are M. Faillon, J. Ferland, F. Garnier (English translation by Bell), and B. Sulte. The prime authority for New France is Parkman's series (12 vols., condensed into one by P. Edgar, 1902), _France and England in North America_. Briefer and more recent treatment of New France will be found in Works by Bourinot, Douglas, Greswell, Laut, Roberts, Thwaites, and Tracy.