Special Histories.--Winsor, _Cartier to Frontenac_, and _Mississippi Basin_; Biggar, as above; Doughty and Dionne, _Quebec under Two Flags_; G. Parker, _Old Quebec_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_; F. Ogg, _Opening of the Mississippi_; C. Moore, _Northwest under Two Flags_; W. Munro, _Seignorial System in Canada_; Bourinot, _Local Government in Canada_.--French and Indian War: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; A. Bradley, _Fight with France for North America_; W. Wood, _Fight for Canada_; A. Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.--French in Northwest: Hinsdale, _Old Northwest_, chs. iii.-v.; Thwaites, _Wisconsin_ (Commonwealths).--Manners and customs: C. Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime (1608-1698)_; Dunn's _Indiana_ (Commonwealths), chs. ii., iii. for the Northwest; M. Pepper, _Maids and Matrons of New France_; Machar and Marquis, _Stories of New France_. See also biographies of prominent men. Contemporary Accounts.--For detailed list, consult Thwaites, _France in America_, 298-303. Numerous publications of Canadian and American historical and antiquarian societies (especially the Champlain Society) contain useful material. Relative to the Northwest, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, XVI-XVIII. 108. Settlement of Canada (1608-1629). The story of early French efforts at colonization in North America, from Cartier's visit (1534) to Champlain's foundation of Quebec (1608), the first permanent French colony in Canada, has already been told (Chapter II.). Sidenote: Effect of Iroquois opposition. It was unfortunate for New France that Champlain incurred at the outset the hostility of the Iroquois (page 196, § 83); the French and the Algonquians with whom they maintained friendly relations were long after sorely afflicted by them. Had it not been for the Iroquois wall interposed between Champlain and the South, the French would doubtless have preceded the English upon the Atlantic plain. The presence of this opposition led the founder of New France, in his attempts to extend the sphere of French influence, to explore along the line of least resistance, to the north and west. Sidenote: Champlain on Lake Huron. In 1611, Montreal was planted at the first rapids in the St. Lawrence, and near the mouths of the Ottawa and Richelieu. Four years later (1615), Champlain reached Lake Huron by the way of the Ottawa. There were easier highways to the Northwest, but the French were compelled for many years thereafter to take this path, because of its greater security from the all-devouring Iroquois. Sidenote: Explorers and _coureurs de bois_.