It has been admitted by several writers on climatic changes that, should the tropical surface waters of the ocean be moved into the high latitudes in large volume, thus adding their warmth to the heat imparted by the sun, such combined heat would cause a mild climate. And it has been estimated that the amount of equatorial heat moved into the temperate and polar regions of the northern hemisphere by the Gulf Stream alone is equal to one-fourth of all the heat received from the sun by the North Atlantic from the tropic of Cancer to the arctic circle. Still, it appears to me, while viewing the subject from a marine standpoint, that the explainers of climatic changes have never fully comprehended the manner in which the surface waters of the ocean are moved from the tropics into the high latitudes, and returned from the high latitudes to the tropics. Consequently, they have neglected necessary and efficient natural agents in their explanatory theories, and with much learning and ingenuity have laboriously sought to show how great changes of climate could be brought about through other causes. But when we notice the simple methods employed by nature to-day for transferring the heat of the tropics into the higher latitudes, and also the manner of excluding such heat therefrom, they appear to afford an explanation for the great changes of climate which have taken place during past ages; for it appears that the natural manner of proceeding by which heat is moved from the torrid zone into the high latitudes sufficient to cause a mild climate is through the ocean currents which are constantly set in motion by the great prevailing winds of the globe. These winds, as is well known, blow mostly from the east toward the west in the tropics, and from the west toward the east in the high latitudes. This counter-movement of the winds, in connection with a continent extending both northward and southward from the equator over many degrees of latitude, such as obtains on the western continent, is abundantly able to create extensive depressions and elevations on the ocean’s surface, and thus cause vast streams of water to move by gravity from the high sea-levels to the low sea-levels; and in this way the tropical waters have been moved during past ages, and to a considerable extent are now moved far into the northern and southern seas. This transfer of the ocean waters is the main cause of a temperate climate being enjoyed by countries situated in the high latitudes at this age.