The same mariner brought from Seymour Island fossil shells and coniferous wood of the Tertiary epoch. These furnish sufficient evidence to show that a warmer climate once prevailed there. At the commencement of the glacial age the obstructions which separated the South Pacific from the South Atlantic had become deeply submerged by the sea, which may have been caused by a tendency of the ocean’s waters to move southward or by a comparative small movement in the earth’s crust. But, on account of the stability of the crust of the earth during times so late as the glacial epochs, the submergence of this southern region was probably owing to the movement of the ocean’s waters from the northern hemisphere into the southern hemisphere, which appears to have been brought about mostly through the agency of the great prevailing winds; for it seems to have happened that the prevailing winds on account of the disposition of the lands and seas were able to move more of the ocean waters southward than they moved northward during the age preceding the glacial periods. The waters thus slowly and gradually forced into the high southern latitudes must have deprived the northern hemisphere of their heaviness, and added their weight to the southern hemisphere. Therefore, the waters moved southward could not all be returned to the seas of the northern hemisphere by gravity, for the reason that the earth’s centre of attraction would change in accordance with the weight of water moved from the northern hemisphere into the southern. It will thus be seen that, while the northern seas were drained or became shallow, the augmented southern oceans deeply submerged the region south of Cape Horn, thus widely separating the western continent from the antarctic lands. Although the south-east trade winds on the eastern sides of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans extend further northward than the north-east trade winds extend southward, owing to the heated tropical shores north of the equator being more extensive than such lands south of the equator, still, on account of the general weakness of the south-east trade winds at the equator, and also because of the obstructing northern lands, they have during remote times, and at this age, been largely prevented from impelling the surface waters of the sea into the northern latitudes in opposition to the brisk north-east trades. Furthermore, on account of the widening of the oceans as they extend southward, the surface currents setting in the latter direction have more broad and easy passages than the great currents setting northward. Moreover, the great currents setting southward on the western sides of the oceans south of the equator are also much assisted during the southern summer months by the strong north-east monsoons which prevail along the east coast of equatorial Africa and the east coast of South America as far as the latitude of 30° south.