12. Κάρπασος—Karpasus (Sans. _kârpâsa'_; Heb. karpas,) _Gossypium arboreum_, fine muslin—a product of Ariakê (41). “How this word found its way into Italy, and became the Latin _carbasus_, fine linen, is surprising, when it is not found in the Greek language. The Καρπασιον λινον of Pausanias (_in Atticis_), of which the wick was formed for the lamp of Pallas, is asbestos, so called from Karpasos, a city of Crete—Salmas. Plin. _Exercit._ p. 178. Conf. Q. Curtius viii. 9:—‘Carbaso Indi corpora usque ad pedes velant, corumque rex lecticâ margaritis circumpendentibus recumbit distinctis auro et purpurâ carbasis quâ indutus est.’” Vincent II. 699. 13. Κασσία or Κασία (Sans. _kuta_, Heb. _kiddah_ and _keziah_). Exported from Tabai (12); a coarse kind exported from Malaô and Moundou (8, 9); a vast quantity exported from Mossulon and Opônê (10, 13). “This spice,” says Vincent, “is mentioned frequently in the _Periplûs_, and with various additions, intended to specify the different sorts, properties, or appearances of the commodity. It is a species of cinnamon, and manifestly the same as what we call cinnamon at this day; but different from that of the Greeks and Romans, which was not a bark, nor rolled up into pipes, like ours. Theirs was the tender shoot of the same plant, and of much higher value.” “If our cinnamon,” he adds, “is the ancient casia, our casia again is an inferior sort of cinnamon.” Pliny (xii. 19) states that the cassia is of a larger size than the cinnamon, and has a thin rind rather than a bark, and that its value consists in being hollowed out. Dioskoridês mentions cassia as a product of Arabia, but this is a mistake, Arabian cassia having been an import from India. Herodotos (iii.) had made the same mistake, saying that cassia grew in Arabia, but that cinnamon was brought thither by birds from the country where Bacchus was born (India). The cassia shrub is a sort of laurel. There are ten kinds of cassia specified in the _Periplûs_.[7] Cf. Lassen, _Ind. Alt._ I. 279, 283; Salmas. Plin. _Exercit._ p. 1304; Galen, _de Antidotis_, bk. i. 14. Κιννάβαρι Ἰνδικòν—Dragon’s-blood, _damu’l akhawein_ of the Arabs, a gum distilled from _Pterocarpus Draco_, a leguminous tree[8] in the island of Dioskoridês or Sokotra (30). Cinnabar, with which this was confounded, is the red sulphuret of mercury. Pliny (lib. xxix. c. 8) distinguishes it as ‘Indian cinnabar.’ Dragon’s-blood is one of the concrete balsams, the produce of _Calamus Draco_, a species of rattan palm of the Eastern Archipelago, [of _Pterocarpus Draco_, allied to the Indian Kino tree or _Pt. marsupium_ of South India, and of _Dracæna Draco_, a liliaceous tree of Madeira and the Canary Islands].