(54) With regard to the names in this extract which occur also in the _Periplûs_ the following passages quoted from Dr. Caldwell’s _Dravidian Grammar_ will throw much light. He says (Introd. p. 97):—“+Muziris+ appears to be the +Muyiri+ of Muyiri-kotta. Tyndis is +Tuṇḍi+, and the Kynda, of Nelkynda, or as Ptolemy has it, Melkynda, _i. e._ probably Western kingdom, seems to be +Kannettri+, the southern boundary of Kêrala proper. One MS. of Pliny writes the second part of this word not _Cyndon_ but _Canidon_. The first of these places was identified by Dr. Gundert, for the remaining two we are indebted to Dr. Burnell. “Cottonara, Pliny; Kottonarike, _Periplûs_, the district where the best pepper was produced. It is singular that this district was not mentioned by Ptolemy. +Cottonara+ was evidently the name of the district. κοττοναρικον the name of the pepper for which the district was famous. Dr. Buchanan identifies Cottonara with +Kaḍatta-naḍu+, the name of a district in the Calicut country celebrated for its pepper. Dr. Burnell identifies it with +Koļatta-nâḍu+, the district about Tellicherry which he says is the pepper district. _Kadatta_ in Malayâlam means ‘transport, conveyance,’ +Nâdû+, Tam.—Mal., means a district.” “The prince called Kêrobothros by Ptolemy (VII. i. 86) is called Kêprobotros by the author of the _Periplûs_. The insertion of π is clearly an error, but more likely to be the error of a copyist than that of the author, who himself had visited the territories of the prince in question. He is called Caelobothras in Pliny’s text, but one of the MSS. gives it more correctly as Celobotras. The name in Sanskrit, and in full is ‘Keralaputra,’ but both _kêra_ and _kêla_ are Dravidian abbreviations of _kêralâ_. They are Malayâļam however, not Tamil abbreviations, and the district over which Keralaputra ruled is that in which the Malayâļam language is now spoken” (p. 95). From Ptolemy we learn that the capital of this prince was +Karoura+, which has been “identified with +Karûr+, an important town in the Koimbatur district originally included in the Chêra kingdom. Karûr means the black town.... Ptolemy’s word +Karoura+ represents the Tami[l:] name of the place with perfect accuracy.” Nelkunda, our author informs us, was not subject to this prince but to another called +Pandiôn+. This name, says Dr. Caldwell, “is of Sanskrit origin, and +Pandæ+, the form which Pliny, after Megasthenês, gives in his list of the Indian nations, comes very near the Sanskrit. The more recent local information of Pliny himself, as well as the notices of Ptolemy and the _Periplûs_, supply us with the Dravidian form of the word. The Tami[l:] sign of the masc. sing. is _an_, and Tami[l:] inserts _i_ euphonically after _ṇḍ_, consequently Pandiôn, and still better the plural form of the word +Pandiones+, faithfully represents the Tami[l:] masc. sing. +Pâṇḍiyan+.” In