[Transcriber's note: This book makes use of the Roman denarius symbol. Because this symbol is not available in Unicode, it has been replaced by the ROMAN NUMERAL TEN (U+2169) with a COMBINING LONG STROKE OVERLAY (U+0336) in the UTF-8 version.] The Common People of Ancient Rome Studies of Roman Life and Literature By Frank Frost Abbott Kennedy Professor of the Latin Language and Literature in Princeton University New York Charles Scribner's Sons Copyright, 1911, by Charles Scribner's Sons Printed in the United States of America Dedicated to J. H. A. Prefatory Note This book, like the volume on "Society and Politics in Ancient Rome," deals with the life of the common people, with their language and literature, their occupations and amusements, and with their social, political, and economic conditions. We are interested in the common people of Rome because they made the Roman Empire what it was. They carried the Roman standards to the Euphrates and the Atlantic; they lived abroad as traders, farmers, and soldiers to hold and Romanize the provinces, or they stayed at home, working as carpenters, masons, or bakers, to supply the daily needs of the capital. The other side of the subject which has engaged the attention of the author in studying these topics has been the many points of similarity which arise between ancient and modern conditions, and between the problems which the Roman faced and those which confront us. What policy shall the government adopt toward corporations? How can the cost of living be kept down? What effect have private benefactions on the character of a people? Shall a nation try to introduce its own language into the territory of a subject people, or shall it allow the native language to be used, and, if it seeks to introduce its own tongue, how can it best accomplish its object? The Roman attacked all these questions, solved some of them admirably, and failed with others egregiously. His successes and his failures are perhaps equally illuminating, and the fact that his attempts to improve social and economic conditions run through a period of a thousand years should make the study of them of the greater interest and value to us. Of the chapters which this book contains, the article on "The Origin of the Realistic Romance among the Romans" appeared originally in _Classical Philology_, and the author is indebted to the editors of that periodical for permission to reprint it here. The other papers are now published for the first time.