Against this viewpoint of Freud’s, Dr. Jung, the psychologist of Zurich, brings a barrage of criticism. He says, first, that while these expressions of the child have every appearance of sexuality, they cannot be sexual, because as a rule true sexuality does not awaken in a child until puberty. And he says, second, that the desire for incest is relatively rare: since, naturally, when it comes to sexuality, a man desires a young woman and not an old. While these criticisms seem to me well-founded, great credit must nevertheless go to Freud for having shown us that these sexual manifestations are not necessarily rooted in innate depravity and sinfulness, but appear as natural expressions in the development of everyone. For while it is true that not many children have sexual feeling before puberty, on the other hand in the cases of men and women who practice perversions it is usually found that the habit originated in childhood, and was not broken when puberty dawned. I will reserve the treatment of the abnormal for a later chapter. THE THIRD SEX Edward Carpenter of England has advanced the theory that there is a third sex, which is hermaphroditic, or bi-sexual. He would place this sex as midway between man and woman and having some of the same characteristics of both. This does not mean that the third sex is physically hermaphroditic. While such people exist, they are relatively rare. It merely means men who have much of the woman in them, and women who have much of the masculine. However, often this shows in some physical characteristic, as an effeminate voice in a man, a growth of hair on a woman’s chin, a manner of walking, etc. Edward Carpenter believes that this third sex was the one which, because it could not follow the beaten path, gave birth to philosophy, religion, art, law and invention. As he pictures it, in the savage tribe there would be a man who felt himself so different from the rest of the men and so much more akin to the women, that he would evade in every manner joining in the masculine occupations of hunting and fighting. He would stay home with the women and justify this by becoming the shaman or medicine-man, the first doctor and mystic. Thus he would have time for brooding, and in this way cultivate his imagination, and bring forth new theory and new arts. That there is some basis for this theory is obvious. The founders of religion are usually pictured as more or less hermaphroditic in nature. Jesus, for instance, is shown as not only aggressive, courageous and self-assertive in the true masculine way, but also as gentle, loving, forgiving, merciful or feminine. He speaks of himself as the hen who would have gathered its brood under its protecting wings; and he tells his disciples to eat of his body in the form of the bread. (It is the mother who gives her body to her child to eat.)