The Common Spiders of the United StatesEmerton, J. H. (James Henry)
Science
The Common Spiders of the United States
Emerton, J. H. (James Henry)
Spiders -- United States
$Theridium differens.$--Female about one-eighth of an inch long, and the
male smaller. The abdomen is round, and the middle stripe often very
brightly colored, with white or yellow at the edges and red in the
middle (fig. 264). The rest of the abdomen is reddish brown, darkest
next to the white edge of the stripe. There are no distinct marks on the
under side. In males the stripe on the abdomen is obscure, and the whole
abdomen dark reddish brown (fig. 265). Sometimes, especially in young
spiders, the abdomen is entirely yellow, with indistinct brown markings.
The cephalothorax is orange brown, often darker in the middle, but with
no distinct stripe. The legs and palpi are yellow in females and orange
brown in males, slightly darker at the ends of the joints. The epigynum
has no openings in sight. They are on the inner side in the transverse
fold across the abdomen. The palpal organ (fig. 266) has two appendages
at the end, one hard and roughened and the other soft. The web is on low
plants of all kinds, usually two or three feet from the ground (fig.
263). There is sometimes a small tent, often hardly deep enough to cover
the spider, from which the web spreads two or three inches, according to
the shape of the plant. The cocoons of eggs are white and nearly as
large as the spider, and are attached in the nest.
[Illustration: FIGS. 267, 268, 269. Theridium murarium.--267, female
enlarged eight times. 268, end of palpus of male. 269, epigynum.]
$Theridium murarium.$--Length about one-eighth of an inch, with the
abdomen nearly spherical. The general color is gray. The legs are pale,
with dark bands at the end and middle of each joint. The cephalothorax
is pale, with a dark line in the middle and one on each side, the middle
line sometimes divided into two near the eyes (fig. 267). On the abdomen
there is an undulated middle stripe, white at the edges and the front
end, and reddish in the middle. On both sides of this stripe the abdomen
is nearly black and becomes gradually lighter toward the sides. The
sternum is pale, with a black edge and black stripe in the middle. The
under side of the abdomen is gray, with a long black spot in the middle
and a smaller one over the epigynum. There is little difference in size
or color between the sexes. The epigynum (fig. 269) has two round holes,
wide apart, near the thickened edge. The palpal organ (fig. 268) is
shorter and simpler than it is in _differens_.
[Illustration: FIGS. 270, 271, 272, 273. Theridium spirale.--270, male.
271, female. Both enlarged eight times. 272, end of palpus of male. 273,
epigynum.]
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