The Common Spiders of the United States — John Shaqi
The Common Spiders of the United StatesEmerton, J. H. (James Henry)
Science
The Common Spiders of the United States
Emerton, J. H. (James Henry)
Spiders -- United States
Different kinds of spiders mature and breed at different times of the
year, most of them living only one season. Those that mature late, like
_Agalena nævia_ and Argiope, pass the winter as eggs, while those that
mature early, like _Epeira sclopetaria_ and _Lycosa nidicola_, pass the
winter half grown. Some species, like _Theridium tepidariorum_ (p. 112),
breed several times in the year, and old and young are found at all
seasons.
The spiders are naturally divided into two groups of families: (1) the
hunting spiders, which run on the ground or on plants, catching insects
wherever they find them, or waiting among leaves and flowers until
insects come within their reach; (2) the cobweb spiders, which make webs
to catch insects and live all the time in the web or in a nest near it.
The hunting spiders include: (1) the Dysderidæ (p. 22), a few species
with six eyes only and with four breathing holes at the front end of the
abdomen; (2) the Drassidæ (p. 1), or ground spiders, which live among
stones and dead leaves or among plants, making tubular nests and flat
egg cocoons but no cobwebs; (3) the Thomisidæ (p. 24), the flat and
crab-like spiders living on plants or under bark and stones; (4) the
Attidæ (p. 41), the jumping spiders, with wide heads and large front
eyes, many of them brightly colored and active in their habits; (5) the
Lycosidæ (p. 67), the long-legged running spiders, living on the ground
and, a few of them, in holes and carrying about their round egg cocoons
attached to the spinnerets.
The cobweb spiders include: (1) the Agalenidæ (p. 91), making flat webs
on grass or in corners of houses, with a tube at one side in which the
spider lives; (2) the Therididæ (p. 107), round spiders with flat or
irregular webs in corners and on plants; (3) the Linyphiadæ (p. 134),
with flat webs, small spiders of a great number of species living near
the ground and in shady places; (4) the Epeiridæ (p. 154), the round
web spiders; (5) the Cribellata, having a calamistrum (see p. 205) on
the hind legs and making rough webs that gather dust.
Cobwebs are of four principal kinds:
1. The flat webs, closely woven of long threads crossed by finer ones in
all directions and connected with a tubular nest where the spider hides,
and from which it runs out on the upper side of the web after insects
that may fall upon it. These are made by Agalena and Tegenaria (pp. 91
to 104).
2. The net-like webs, made of smooth threads in large meshes, sometimes
in a flat or curved sheet held out by threads in all directions. The
spider lives on the under side, back downward. These are made by
Therididæ and Linyphiadæ (pp. 107, 134).
3. The round webs, made of threads radiating from a common center and
crossed by circular loops and spirals, part of which are adhesive.
4. The webs of the Ciniflonidæ, composed in part of loose bands of silk
(p. 205).
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