THE COMMONWEALTH OF CELLS Some Popular Essays on Human Physiology BY H. G. F. SPURRELL, B.A. OXON. [Illustration] LONDON BAILLIÈRE, TINDALL AND COX 8, HENRIETTA STREET, STRAND 1901 [_All rights reserved_] To MY ESTEEMED FRIEND AND TUTOR, GUSTAV MANN, M.D., ETC. PREFACE Ever since the very beginning of my student days, when my contemporaries took to plying me with embarrassing demands for information upon all matters medical, I have been constantly impressed by the interest which the unscientific public take in the workings of their bodies and the material basis of their minds. It is this general display of interest among my friends that has emboldened me to add yet another book to the many already dealing with the subject. In using the word ‘unscientific’ I imply, of course, no reproach. I mean simply to denote those people who have specialized in some branch of knowledge other than those collectively known as Natural Science. I usually find, when discussing physiology with such people, that they take more interest in general principles than in details, which they frequently find repellent, and that they frame their questions in an appallingly comprehensive manner. My object throughout this little work has therefore been to present the fundamental principles of physiology in a brief, consecutive and readable form, for those who do not care to study the text-books. There is no lack of excellent books already, books illustrated by careful drawings quite gruesome in their accuracy, but they are almost all intended for “students,” and the casual reader, finding the organs divided up for exhaustive treatment, fails to form a conception of the body as an organic whole, and misses the very principles he is in search of, in the heap of details under which they are buried. It may cause some surprise that, though in my efforts to be up-to-date I have in places outstripped the text-books, I quote no authorities. But a moment’s consideration will show that it would defeat the very object of a sketch like this to burden the text with an account of how my views were formed, while, on the other hand, the pioneers of science will forgive me. Their papers will be quoted in more durable works, and their names honoured long after this little book has been forgotten. H. G. F. S. OXFORD, _March, 1901_. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ix ESSAY I. LIVING MATTER 1 ESSAY II. THE CHEMISTRY OF THE BODY 8