The commonwealth of cells : $b Some popular essays on human physiologySpurrell, H. G. F. (Herbert George Flaxman)
Science
The commonwealth of cells : $b Some popular essays on human physiology
Spurrell, H. G. F. (Herbert George Flaxman)
Human physiology
A natural question arising out of the study of leucocytes is, What
becomes of them? Particles of soot and similar refuse can hardly be
considered nutritious, or even digestible, food, and one is rather
drawn to the conclusion that the leucocyte performs its functions for
the good of the body at large, not of itself, and that when its work is
done it must die. Many leucocytes, probably, loaded with unconsidered and
undesirable trifles, cast themselves into the alimentary canal, and are
got rid of with the useless portions of the food; but they do not always
have the luck or energy to get to a natural outlet. An unpleasantly
familiar phenomenon is the boil. Here we have some irritating substance
under the skin setting up inflammation, and leucocytes swarm up to remove
the cause of the trouble. Before, however, this is done, many have
perished in the fray, and they have collected in numbers to the formation
of what is commonly known as pus, or matter. Their dispersal into the
body is now neither easy nor desirable, and the surgeon usually lets them
escape from the surface by a touch of the lancet.
[Illustration: DIAGRAM 31.
A, Eosinophile leucocyte; B, bacterium; C, leucocytes killing bacterium
with their enzyme; D, leucocytes leaving bacterium dead; E, hyaline
leucocyte devouring dead bacterium.]
Such, then, is very briefly the story of the leucocyte, neglecting such
problems as the differences between those found in the blood, called
white corpuscles to distinguish them from the red corpuscles, with
which they have no sort of connection; those found in the lymph, called
lymphocytes to distinguish them from those found in the blood; those
caught in the act of devouring bone, called osteoclasts; and those found
with bacteria inside them, therefore known as phagocytes; and without
speculating on how long an individual lives, and whether the different
varieties differ in origin or are merely at progressive stages of
development. The study of leucocytes is one of the most fascinating in
physiology, but we have many other things calling for our attention, and
we have said enough about the part they play in the life of the body to
justify our passing on to consider another essential movement.
IV.
Next in natural order for consideration come the movements of the
alimentary canal.
So far we have considered this structure as a chemical laboratory, a tube
consisting of a single layer of cells which secrete ferments into the
lumen, where digestion takes place, and then absorb the products, and we
have not yet accounted for the food travelling along the tube, without
which its functions, as described in the earlier part of the book, could
not be performed. That the passage of the food is not due to gravitation
is obvious from the many directions of the tube’s coils—not to quote the
old instance of a horse drinking, in which case the liquid first travels
upwards. One must therefore conclude in favour of some muscular method of
propulsion.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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