nearly thrice as large as the whole cornage of Northumberland. That I may not close with a negative result, I append two remarkable charters from the MS. cartulary of St. Bees, which show us the Cumbrian Noutegeld being actually paid in cows to William earl of Albemarle, as lord of Coupland, which barony was exempt from its payment to the Crown.[576] Willelmus comes Albemarlie archiepiscopo Ebor[acensi] et capitulo et omnibus matricis ecclesie filiis salutem. Noverit paternitas vestra me dedisse et concessisse deo et sancte Marie et sancte Bege in Copelandia et omnibus (_sic_) vi vaccas in perpetuam elemosinam reddendas anno omni quo meum Noutegeld debuerit fieri. Hanc autem donacionem feci pro animabus omnium antecessorum meorum et antecessorum uxoris mee Cecilie. Testibus, etc.... * * * * * Willelmus comes Albemarlie omnibus hominibus suis tam futuris quam presentibus salutem. Sciatis quod dedi et presenti carta confirmavi Deo et sancte Marie et sancte Bege et monachis de sancta Bega vi vaccas de meo Nautegeld (_sic_) unoquoque anno, quando accipio Nautegeld in Copuland, etc.[577] ... Now it is a most interesting fact that in Durham also we find, as in Coupland, a payment in cows (“vaccas de metride”) made by townships in connection with their payment of “cornage.”[578] From the above important charters, it would seem that the two dues went together. In Durham there is a classical passage for the “cornage” proper, quoted by those who have dealt with “cornage,” but not by Mr. Hall. In a charter of Henry I., which I assign to 1128–9, he speaks of “cornagium de Bortona ... _scilicet de unoquoque animali_ ij _d._”[579] This is precisely the source of “cornage” which Mr. Hall desires to “disregard.” And if further proof were needed of the non-identity of “cornage” with castle-ward, it is found in the fact that, as in Northumberland, both dues existed simultaneously in Durham, vills which paid cornage being also liable to provide men for castle-ward (“castlemanni”).[580] XIV Bannockburn