The word _civitas_ has the same signification as _comitatus_, when that word was used with the meaning of a territorial division; and included all the territory, with its lands, its villages, its fortified places and its city, which came under the jurisdiction of a _dux_ or _judex_, or in Frankish times of a count, when we are strictly justified in giving it the more familiar name of _county_. From this we trace the Italian word _contado_, by the steps _comitatu, comitato, contato, contado_. The land division here indicated is indifferently called in the Lombard records _territorium, fines, civitas_, or _judiciaria_. The identity of all these terms admits of easy proof from all the documents, public and private; and numberless instances could be cited showing an interchange of terms in describing the same locality. I will mention in illustration of this fact the rather neat example of a document of the year 762, published by Brunetti[13] in his Codice Diplomatico Toscano, in which three of these terms are used interchangeably in the space of a few lines. It is a contract by which a certain Arnifrid, an inhabitant of Clusium--the modern Chiusi--who "in clusino territorio ... natus fuit," pledges himself to live on a certain property, and says "nullam conbersationem facias nec in clusio nec in alia civitate habitandum, nisi.... &c.," and promises to pay fifty _solidi_ if "pro eo quod ipsa pecunia demittere presumbsero aut de judiciaria vestra suaninse exire voluero." The contract is "Actum in civitate suana." We here see the words _territorium_ and _civitas_ both applied to the territory of Chiusi, and the words _judiciaria_ and _civitas_ both applied to the territory of Siena, and we only need to remember that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to each other, to recognize the identity of the terms. If we look at document number eight in the same collection,[14] we will further see the territory of Chiusi referred to as "fines clusinas."