The courses of study are to-day upon more of an elective basis than formerly although even now the results of the work of Nebenius are clearly seen. The success of the Hochschulen is due to the efforts of Nebenius more than to any other one man. His ideas were worked out at Carlsruhe and in greater or lesser degree incorporated into all the schools. It was insisted by him that a proper foundation must be laid before any successful special technical training can be had. Preliminary work must be mastered and a natural sequence of studies followed. To this end a fixed graduated course is recommended, the student to be promoted as ability may determine. The one course plan however has been substituted for the several.[4] [Footnote 4: “Programm der Königl. Technischen Hochschule zu Hannover, 1901-1902, page 90. Den Hörern bleibt die Wahl der Lehrfächer frei überlassen, für ein geordnetes Studium empfiehlt sich aber die Beachtung der folgenden Studien und Stundenpläne.”] The following table compiled from various sources will give some idea of the extent of the work as carried on in Berlin. The school has a library of 54,000 volumes; a student body of upwards of 4,500 and a modern equipment throughout. -------------+---------+---------------------------------------+----------- Departments | No. | SUBJECTS |No. of | of | |Professors | courses | |and | | |Instructors -------------+---------+---------------------------------------+----------- General | 58 | Mechanics, Physics and general | 33 Science | | science studies; literature, | | | French, English, Italian, law, | | | political science. | -------------+---------+---------------------------------------+----------- Civil | 34 | Mechanics, railway construction, | 13 Engineering | | bridges, canals, harbors, hydraulics, | | | drainage, land surveying. | -------------+---------+---------------------------------------+----------- Mechanical | 54 | Kinematics, machine construction, | 23 Engineering | | mechanical technology, | | | machine design, water, steam | | | and electrical machines, | | | electro-technics, electro-mechanics, | | | electrical and railway | | | works. | -------------+---------+---------------------------------------+----------- Naval | 19 | Theory of ship building, | 6 Engineering | | classification of ships, designing of |