The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman EmpireGlover, T. R. (Terrot Reaveley)
Religion
The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire
Glover, T. R. (Terrot Reaveley)
Christianity and other religions; Church history -- Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600; Rome -- Religion
Some one asked Epictetus one day how we can be sure that all our
actions are under the inspection of God. "Do you think," said
Epictetus, "that all things are a unity?" (_i.e._ in the polity of the
cosmos). "Yes." "Well then, do you not think that things earthly are
in sympathy (_sympathein_) with things heavenly?" "Yes." Epictetus
reminded his listener of the harmony of external nature, of flowers and
moon and sun. "But are leaves and our bodies so bound up and united
with the whole, and are not our souls much more? and are our souls so
bound up and in touch with God (_synapheis to theo_) as parts of Him
and portions of Him, and can it be that God does not perceive every
motion of these parts as being His own motion cognate with Himself
(_symphyous_)?"[85] He bade the man reflect upon his own power of
grasping in his mind ten thousand things at once under divine
administration; "and is not God able to oversee all things, and to be
present with them, and to receive from all a certain communication?"
The man replied that he could not comprehend all these things at once.
"And who tells you this--that you have equal power with Zeus?
Nevertheless, he has placed by every man a guardian (_epitropon_), each
man's {59} Daemon, to whom he has committed the care of the man, a
guardian who never sleeps, is never deceived. For to what better and
more careful watch (_phylaki_) could He have entrusted each of us?
When then you (plural) have shut your doors and made darkness within,
remember never to say that you are alone, for you are not; but God is
within and your Daemon (Greek: _ho hymeteros daimon_); and what need
have they of light to see what you are doing?"[86]
Here another feature occurs--the question of the daemons. Seneca once
alludes to the idea--"for the present," he writes to Lucilius, "set
aside the view of some people, that to each individual one of us a god
is given as a pedagogue, not indeed of the first rank, but of an
inferior brand, of the number of those whom Ovid calls 'gods of the
lower order' (_de plebe deos_); yet remember that our ancestors who
believed this were so far Stoics, for to every man and woman they gave
a _Genius_ or a _Juno_. Later on we shall see whether the gods have
leisure to attend to private people's business."[87] But before we
pursue a side issue, which we shall in any case have to examine at a
later point, let us look further at the central idea.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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