3. STARTING OF BUDS.--Deciduous trees are entirely destitute of leaves during the winter. The buds must start to grow in the spring without leaves, and therefore without drawing force from the sun. Hence, also, food in the organic form must be, and is, laid up from the previous year in the body of the tree. A portion of this is consumed with the formation of CO₂ and H₂O, in order to create force for the development of the buds. So soon as by this means the leaves are formed, the plant begins to draw force from the sun, and food from the mineral kingdom. 4. PALE PLANTS.--Fungi and etiolated plants have no chlorophyl, therefore cannot draw their force from the sun, nor make organic matters from inorganic. Hence these also must feed on organic matter; not, indeed, on starch, dextrine, and protoplasm, but on decaying organic matter. In these plants the organic matter is taken up in some form intermediate between the planes No. 3 and No. 2. The matter thus taken up is, a portion of it, consumed with the formation of CO₂ and H₂O, in order to create force necessary to organize the remainder. To illustrate: Matter falling from some intermediate point between No. 2 and No. 3 to No. 2, produces force sufficient to raise matter from the same intermediate point to No. 3; a portion runs to waste downward, and creates force to push the remainder upward. 5. GROWTH OF GREEN PLANTS AT NIGHT.--It is well known that almost all plants grow at night as well as in the day. It is also known that plants at night exhale CO₂. These two facts have not, however, as far as I know, been connected with one another, and with the principle of conservation of force. It is usually supposed that in the night the decomposition of CO₂ and exhalation of oxygen are checked by withdrawal of sun light, and some of the CO₂ in the ascending sap is exhaled by a physical law. But this does not account for the growth. It is evident that, in the absence of sun light, the force required for the work of tissue-building can be derived only from the decomposition and combustion of organic matter. There are two views as to the source of this organic matter, either or both of which may be correct: First. There seems to be no doubt that most plants, especially those grown in soils rich in _humus_, take up a portion of their food in the form of semi-organic matter, or soluble _humus_. The combustion of a portion of this in every part of the plant, by means of oxygen also absorbed by the roots, and the formation of CO₂, undoubtedly creates a supply of force night and day, independently of sunlight. The force thus produced by the combustion of a portion might be used to raise the remainder into starch, dextrine, etc., or might be used in tissue-building. During the day, the CO₂ thus produced would be again decomposed in the leaves by sunlight, and thus create an additional supply of force. During the night, the CO₂ would be exhaled.[14]