Constitutional law -- Japan; Japan -- Constitution
Article 14. All of the people are equal under the law and
there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social
relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family
origin.
(2) Peers and peerage shall not be recognized.
(3) No privilege shall accompany any award of honor,
decoration or any distinction, nor shall any such award be valid
beyond the lifetime of the individual who now holds or hereafter
may receive it.
Article 15. The people have the inalienable right to choose
their public officials and to dismiss them.
(2) All public officials are servants of the whole community
and not of any group thereof.
(3) Universal adult suffrage is guaranteed with regard to
the election of public officials.
(4) In all elections, secrecy of the ballot shall not be
violated. A voter shall not be answerable, publicly or privately,
for the choice he has made.
Article 16. Every person shall have the right of peaceful
petition for the redress of damage, for the removal of public
officials, for the enactment, repeal or amendment of law,
ordinances or regulations and for other matters, nor shall any
person be in any way discriminated against sponsoring such a
petition.
Article 17. Every person may sue for redress as provided by
law from the State or a public entity, in case he has suffered
damage through illegal act of any public official.
Article 18. No person shall be held in bondage of any kind.
Involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, is
prohibited.
Article 19. Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be
violated.
Article 20. Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No
religious organization shall receive any privileges from the
State nor exercise any political authority.
(2) No person shall be compelled to take part in any
religious acts, celebration, rite or practice.
(3) The state and its organs shall refrain from religious
education or any other religious activity.
Article 21. Freedom of assembly and association as well as
speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed.
(2) No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy
of any means of communication be violated.
Article 22. Every person shall have freedom to choose and
change his residence and to choose his occupation to the extent
that it does not interfere with the public welfare.
(2) Freedom of all persons to move to a foreign country and
to divest themselves of their nationality shall be inviolate.
Article 23. Academic freedom is guaranteed.
Article 24. Marriage shall be based only on the mutual
consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual
cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis.
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