The Yatis have a kind of liturgy, partly in Sanskrit, partly in the Jaina form of M[=a]gadh[=i] Pr[=a]krit, partly in a kind of archaic Gujar[=a]t[=i]. No real prayers are offered, but stories of the twenty-four Jinas and their disciples are recited, with singing and an accompaniment of noisy instrumental music and beating of cymbals. Religious festivals and processions are also common. I witnessed one in the town of Kaira, on the anniversary of the death of a celebrated Yati. An immense multitude of men and women paraded the streets, preceded by a very demonstrative band of musicians. In the centre was an apparently empty palanquin, borne by six men. It contained the supposed footprints of the deceased Yati in whose honour the festival was held. A few short extracts from the Kalpa-s[=u]tra (Stevenson, p. 103) will give some idea of the rules of discipline by which the lives of the Yatis are required to be regulated, as follow:-- "Self-restraint is to be exercised by each man individually. Self-control is the chief of all religious exercises. If a quarrel arise, mutual forgiveness is to be asked. Three daily cleansings are enjoined, morning, mid-day, and evening. A period of rest and fasting is to be observed yearly in the four months of the rainy season. During this period, male and female ascetics should by no means partake of rice, milk, curds, fresh butter, melted butter, oil, sugar, honey, spirits, and flesh. They must never use any angry or provoking language, on pain of being expelled from the community. Ascetics must carefully avoid contact with minute insects, small animals, small seeds, small flowers, small vegetables, &c. No ascetic must do anything whatever, or go out for any purpose whatever, without first asking permission of the Superior of the Convent. The head must be shaved, or the hair constantly clipped. No ascetic must wear hair longer than that which covers a cow." With regard to the last injunction, it may be mentioned that the ceremony of initiation (_d[=i]ksh[=a]_) usually takes place at the age of twelve or thirteen, and that part of the rite once consisted in forcibly pulling out every hair of the head (_kes´a-lunchana_). In the present day ashes are applied, and a few hairs torn out by the roots before the scissors are used. It remains to state that the Jainas of the present period are leaning more and more towards Hind[=u] ideas and practices. They have their purificatory rites (_sansk[=a]ras_), and a modified caste system. Not unfrequently Br[=a]hman priests are invited to take part in their marriage ceremonies. Indeed, it is by no means uncommon for intermarriages to take place between lay Jainas (_s´r[=a]vakas_) and lay Vaishnavas, especially in cases when both belong to the Baniya or merchant caste.