[12] Seneca also advocated, in a similar way, the removal without vengeance of noxious members of the social body: “At corrigi nequeunt, nihilque in illis lene aut spei bona capax est?--Tollantur e coetu mortalium facturi pejora quæ contingunt et quo uno modo possunt, desinant esse mali; sed hoc sine odio. Nam quis membra sua tunc odit cum abscidit? Non est illa ira, sed misera curatio. Rabidos effigimus canes, et trucem atque immansuetum bovem occidimus, et morbidibus pecoribus, ne gregem polluant, ferrum dimittimus. Nec ira sed ratio est, a sanis inutilia secernere.”--_De Ira_, lib. i., cap. 15. [13] This is the term now generally used to signify the science of the criminal. It is, however, open to objection. “Criminal Psychology” has been suggested, but is somewhat narrow. Professor Liszt has proposed “Criminal Biology,” and at the last International Congress of Criminal Anthropology, Topinard suggested “Criminology.” “Criminal Anthropology,” however, is so widely used that I have not ventured to introduce any substitute. The reader must remember that criminal anthropology, although related to general anthropology, is not merely a branch of that science. [14] For a brief summary of its proceedings, see Appendix B. [15] See Appendix C. [16] It is worthy of note, as Lombroso remarks, that the first investigator of the criminal in England on modern scientific lines should be a clergyman--the Rev. W. D. Morrison. See his “Reflections on the Theory of Criminality” in the _Journal of Mental Science_, April 1889. [17] This, and most of the other opinions of Professor Benedikt quoted in this section, are from _Kraniometrie und Kephalometrie_, Vienna, 1889. [18] The evolutionary tendency of the skull among the higher vertebrates seems to be from the asymmetrical to the symmetrical, while the tendency of the brain is from the symmetrical to the asymmetrical. See M. O. Fraenkel: “Etwas über Schädel-Asymmetrie und Stirnnaht,” _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, August 1, 1888. [19] _Archivio di Psichiatria._ 1888. Fasc. VI. [20] For an admirable statement of the present condition of the question see an article by Professor Fallot of Marseilles, “Le Cerveau des Criminels,” in the _Archives de l’Anthropologie Criminelle_, 15th May 1889. Lombroso’s treatment of this question is extremely brief, and not always accurate. [21] “Lectures on Physiognomical Diagnosis of Disease.” _Medical Times_, 1862. [22] “Contributions à l’Étude de quelques Variétés Morphologiques de l’Oreille Humaine.” _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 15th April, 1886. [23] Dr. F. Warner, “Form of Ear as a Sign of Defective Development.” _Lancet_, 15th Feb. 1890. [24] Schwalbe, who distinguishes five principal forms of the Darwinian tubercle, regards it as normal, and believes that with a little practice it might be discovered in nearly all ears. This may well be, but in its distinctly marked form it can scarcely be called normal.