CHAPTER I GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CROWDS-- PSYCHOLOGICAL LAW OF THEIR MENTAL UNITY CHAPTER II THE SENTIMENTS AND MORALITY OF CROWDS CHAPTER III THE IDEAS, REASONING POWER, AND IMAGINATION OF CROWDS CHAPTER IV A RELIGIOUS SHAPE ASSUMED BY ALL THE CONVICTIONS OF CROWDS BOOK II THE OPINIONS AND BELIEFS OF CROWDS CHAPTER I REMOTE FACTORS OF THE OPINIONS AND BELIEFS OF CROWDS CHAPTER II THE IMMEDIATE FACTORS OF THE OPINIONS OF CROWDS CHAPTER III THE LEADERS OF CROWDS AND THEIR MEANS OF PERSUASION CHAPTER IV LIMITATIONS OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE BELIEFS AND OPINIONS OF CROWDS BOOK III THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CROWDS CHAPTER I THE CLASSIFICATION OF CROWDS CHAPTER II CROWDS TERMED CRIMINAL CROWDS CHAPTER III CRIMINAL JURIES CHAPTER IV ELECTORAL CROWDS CHAPTER V PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLIES INTRODUCTION. THE ERA OF CROWDS. The evolution of the present age--The great changes in civilisation are the consequence of changes in National thought--Modern belief in the power of crowds--It transforms the traditional policy of the European states--How the rise of the popular classes comes about, and the manner in which they exercise their power--The necessary consequences of the power of the crowd--Crowds unable to play a part other than destructive--The dissolution of worn-out civilisations is the work of the crowd--General ignorance of the psychology of crowds-- Importance of the study of crowds for legislators and statesmen. The great upheavals which precede changes of civilisations such as the fall of the Roman Empire and the foundation of the Arabian Empire, seem at first sight determined more especially by political transformations, foreign invasion, or the overthrow of dynasties. But a more attentive study of these events shows that behind their apparent causes the real cause is generally seen to be a profound modification in the ideas of the peoples. The true historical upheavals are not those which astonish us by their grandeur and violence. The only important changes whence the renewal of civilisations results, affect ideas, conceptions, and beliefs. The memorable events of history are the visible effects of the invisible changes of human thought. The reason these great events are so rare is that there is nothing so stable in a race as the inherited groundwork of its thoughts. The present epoch is one of these critical moments in which the thought of mankind is undergoing a process of transformation. Two fundamental factors are at the base of this transformation. The first is the destruction of those religious, political, and social beliefs in which all the elements of our civilisation are rooted. The second is the creation of entirely new conditions of existence and thought as the result of modern scientific and industrial discoveries.